{ "version": "19.0.0", "generated": "2026-08-24", "roleDefinitions": { "external-anchor": { "label": "Externally fixed anchor", "description": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology." }, "representative-coordinate": { "label": "Representative plotting coordinate", "description": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology." }, "model-coordinate": { "label": "Adopted model coordinate", "description": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date." }, "relative-sequence": { "label": "Relative sequence only", "description": "The order of events is more defensible than any absolute calendar placement." }, "schematic-period": { "label": "Schematic literary period", "description": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total." }, "two-option-window": { "label": "Two-option historical window", "description": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated." }, "undated": { "label": "Not independently datable", "description": "The project does not claim a defensible absolute historical date for this material." }, "external-range": { "label": "Externally controlled range", "description": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year." }, "external-disputed-boundary": { "label": "External range with disputed boundary", "description": "Most of the chronology is externally secure, but one boundary remains a live chronological dispute." }, "textual-synchronism": { "label": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "description": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event." }, "historically-constrained-range": { "label": "Historically constrained range", "description": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate." } }, "records": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "coordinateRole": "undated", "roleLabel": "Not independently datable", "roleDescription": "The project does not claim a defensible absolute historical date for this material.", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this material an independently recoverable absolute historical date.", "projectReconstruction": "No absolute chronological coordinate is claimed beyond the interface’s ordering requirement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "theological-text", "dateStatus": "textually-undated", "numericFunction": "undated-theological", "datePrecisionRole": "undated", "datePrecisionLabel": "Not independently datable", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-primeval-history" }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "historicalBoundary": "Terru is documented at Urkesh in the Old Babylonian world. No surviving text connects him with Abraham’s family.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah and places the patriarchal sequence in the same broad northern Mesopotamian horizon.", "dependencies": [ "The proposed name relationship between Terru and Terah", "The project’s Middle Bronze placement of the patriarchal traditions", "A geographical association among Urkesh, Harran, and the wider northern Mesopotamian corridor" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The Old Babylonian setting of northern Mesopotamia remains documented", "The Terru = Terah identification is a load-bearing adopted synchronism within the project’s specific patriarchal reconstruction; objections are tracked as objections rather than substituted for the project conclusion", "Later Joseph and Exodus models do not logically require the Terru equation" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure linguistic derivation against the equation or a definitive alternative identification would remove the proposed identity without collapsing the broader patriarchal setting.", "alternatives": [ "Terah remains historically unidentified", "The patriarchal traditions cannot be absolutely dated", "Terru is only a contextual contemporary" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-terru-terah" }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "historicalBoundary": "Genesis places Abraham within an ancient Near Eastern world of mobile households, cities, treaties, and pastoral movement, but it provides no externally recoverable absolute year.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1780–1760 BCE as a model coordinate within the adopted Middle Bronze reconstruction.", "dependencies": [ "The project’s broader patriarchal model", "Relative sequence between Terah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The narrative sequence remains intact", "The project may widen the patriarchal period without altering the later externally anchored chronology" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The exact coordinate should move if the Terru or Hammurabi identifications are abandoned; the broad historical horizon need not move with them.", "alternatives": [ "Undated patriarchal traditions", "A wider second-millennium BCE setting" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-abraham-call" }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1775–1761 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-mari-zimrilim" }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "historicalBoundary": "Hammurabi and the coalition politics of the Old Babylonian world are documented. No Babylonian source identifies him with Amraphel or places him in the exact Genesis 14 coalition.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model retains Amraphel = Hammurabi as an explicit working hypothesis and uses c. 1760 BCE as a timeline coordinate.", "dependencies": [ "A disputed phonetic relationship", "Identification of Shinar with Babylonia", "The assumption that Genesis 14 preserves an Old Babylonian political memory" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Genesis 14 may still reflect authentic knowledge of an Old Babylonian-style geopolitical world", "Abraham may remain broadly located in a Middle Bronze horizon", "The later Joseph chronology does not require the equation" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A superior identification for Amraphel or decisive linguistic rejection would remove the equation while leaving the contextual comparison intact.", "alternatives": [ "Amraphel is an unidentified Mesopotamian ruler", "Genesis 14 is a later literary construction using archaizing geography", "The episode preserves composite historical memories" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-amraphel-hammurabi" }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1750–1650 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-isaac-jacob" }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "historicalBoundary": "Avaris, Hyksos rule, and substantial West Semitic populations in the eastern Delta are documented.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model places Joseph c. 1630–1600 BCE under a Hyksos ruler because that setting provides a coherent explanation for his rise and the reception of Jacob’s household.", "dependencies": [ "Genesis interpreted as preserving substantial historical memory", "A Hyksos rather than earlier or later Egyptian setting", "The assumed compatibility of Joseph’s office with a western Asiatic court" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The eastern-Delta setting remains historically relevant", "The Joseph tradition may be placed in another Egyptian period", "The Ramesside Exodus model can survive without a Hyksos Joseph" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A persuasive Egyptian-period identification incompatible with Hyksos chronology would revise the project coordinate but not erase the Joseph tradition.", "alternatives": [ "Joseph in another Egyptian period", "A literary memory combining several Egyptian settings", "No recoverable historical Joseph chronology" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-joseph-hyksos" }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1625–1600 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jacob-egypt" }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1650–1550 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hyksos-egypt" }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1595 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1595 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hittite-sack-babylon" }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "historicalBoundary": "Avaris was conquered and captives were enslaved; no source identifies those captives as Israelites.", "projectReconstruction": "The project treats this dynastic reversal as the beginning of a long process of subjugating eastern-Delta Asiatic communities.", "dependencies": [ "Joseph is placed under the Hyksos", "The new dynasty repudiated the previous regime’s protections", "Some remaining Asiatic residents were absorbed into coerced labor" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Ahmose I conquered Avaris", "The inscription of Ahmose son of Abana records captives and slavery", "Levantine communities lived in the eastern Delta" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Evidence that no substantial Asiatic population remained or entered state labor systems after the conquest would weaken the proposed link.", "alternatives": [ "Servitude began later in the Eighteenth Dynasty", "Exodus 1 preserves a generalized memory of Egyptian corvée", "The narrative is primarily literary" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hyksos-expulsion" }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1457 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1457 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-thutmose-megiddo" }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1550–1350 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-egyptian-empire" }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1353–1336 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-amarna-crisis" }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1350–1330 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-amarna-letters" }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1323 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1323 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tutankhamun-death" }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "historicalBoundary": "Hittite texts attest the Egyptian queen’s request, Zannanza’s mission and death, and subsequent hostility.", "projectReconstruction": "The project uses the crisis as the political setting for the fear in Exodus 1:10; it does not claim the infant decree is externally attested.", "dependencies": [ "Exodus 1:10 reflects a remembered security crisis", "Eastern-Delta Asiatic laborers were perceived as politically suspect" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The Zannanza affair remains historical", "Egypt–Hatti hostility remains the geopolitical background" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A securely different chronology for Moses or the infant decree would remove the proposed link.", "alternatives": [ "A general rather than specific foreign-war fear", "A later Ramesside crisis", "Literary royal paranoia motif" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-zannanza-affair" }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "historicalBoundary": "The biblical sequence places birth after oppression and the male-infant decree.", "projectReconstruction": "Birth and the decree are placed under Ay after the Zannanza crisis.", "dependencies": [ "The Zannanza crisis supplied the war fear", "Ay was the relevant ruler", "Moses’s age totals are not exact absolute chronology" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The biblical infancy narrative remains", "The multi-reign model can shift the birth within the late Eighteenth Dynasty" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A literal age-80 requirement for the 1254 BCE Exodus is incompatible with this placement.", "alternatives": [ "Birth under Horemheb", "Birth under a Ramesside ruler", "Undated literary infancy tradition" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-moses-born" }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "historicalBoundary": "The Great Edict documents administrative reform but does not mention Moses or Israel.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places Moses’s adulthood and flight under Horemheb.", "dependencies": [ "Moses was born around the late-Eighteenth-Dynasty crisis", "His age at flight was not exactly forty" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Horemheb’s reign and reforms remain historical", "Moses’s flight may be placed under another ruler" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure Moses chronology outside Horemheb’s reign would remove the identification.", "alternatives": [ "Flight under Seti I", "Flight under another late-Eighteenth-Dynasty ruler", "Undated narrative" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-horemheb-oppression" }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "historicalBoundary": "The order of flight, residence, call, and return is textual; exact duration is not externally fixed.", "projectReconstruction": "The forty-year block in Acts is treated as schematic or non-controlling.", "dependencies": [ "Horemheb flight placement", "1254 BCE adopted Exodus" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Moses resides in Midian before returning in the narrative" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Literal forty-year age blocks require a different birth and flight chronology.", "alternatives": [ "Shorter Midian residence", "Traditional forty-year residence", "No absolute dates" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-moses-midian" }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 1294–1279 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-seti-campaigns" }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 1279–1213 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ramesses-reign" }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 1274 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-kadesh" }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1259 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1259 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-egypt-hatti-treaty" }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "historicalBoundary": "The commission occurs after Moses’s Midianite residence and immediately precedes his return and confrontation with Pharaoh.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places the call and return in c. 1255–1254 BCE, immediately before the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "dependencies": [ "The adopted Ramesside Exodus window", "Relative narrative order rather than exact elapsed years" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The relative sequence remains intact if the Exodus coordinate shifts" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A revised Exodus range automatically moves this coordinate.", "alternatives": [ "No recoverable civil year" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-burning-bush" }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "historicalBoundary": "Royal succession evidence identifies the firstborn crown prince and his disappearance from the succession; it does not preserve his cause of death.", "projectReconstruction": "The project selects 1254 BCE and identifies the prince with Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12.", "dependencies": [ "Ramesses II is the Exodus pharaoh", "Amun-her-khepeshef died near Year 25", "The biblical royal firstborn can be an adult heir" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The Ramesside setting and Pi-Ramesses context remain", "The prince’s succession history remains historical", "The Exodus may remain somewhere in a wider Ramesside window" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure death date outside the proposed window or a different Exodus pharaoh would collapse the exact synchronism.", "alternatives": [ "Another royal firstborn", "A nonliteral plague tradition", "A Ramesside Exodus without a known prince synchronism" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-plagues-passover" }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Pi-Ramesses is historically real; Amun-her-khepeshef’s succession change falls near Year 25; Israel is independently attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE.", "projectReconstruction": "The project identifies the prince’s death with the tenth plague and places departure in the same year.", "dependencies": [ "The Exodus tradition preserves a departure from Egypt", "Ramesses II is the relevant pharaoh", "Amun-her-khepeshef is the royal firstborn of Exodus 12", "A forty-year project interval can end by c. 1214 BCE" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The eastern-Delta Ramesside context remains", "A broader Ramesside Exodus model remains possible", "Israel’s presence in Canaan by 1208 BCE remains secure" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure alternative cause/date for the prince’s death or an Exodus chronology incompatible with Year 25 would remove the exact date.", "alternatives": [ "Ramesside departure at another point in the reign", "Smaller Egyptian-origin group", "Multiple departure memories", "Predominantly indigenous emergence with an Egyptian component" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-exodus" }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1254 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sea-crossing" }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "historicalBoundary": "The interval must end before Israel is attested in Canaan around 1208 BCE.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model retains forty years from the 1254 BCE departure to a c. 1214 BCE Jordan transition.", "dependencies": [ "1254 BCE Exodus coordinate", "Forty-year wilderness retained as project arithmetic" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The wilderness tradition remains central to the biblical sequence", "A shorter interval can still satisfy the Merneptah boundary" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A much longer interval would conflict with the 1208 BCE external boundary.", "alternatives": [ "Schematic generation", "Shorter historical movement", "Composite wilderness traditions" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sinai-wilderness" }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1215 BCE · project placement as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-balaam-balak-deir-alla" }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "Israel must be in Canaan by the Merneptah Stela.", "projectReconstruction": "1254 minus forty produces the c. 1214 BCE transition.", "dependencies": [ "1254 BCE departure", "Forty-year project interval" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "A pre-1208 settlement transition remains required by the model" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Treating forty years as schematic moves the coordinate.", "alternatives": [ "Earlier or later within the pre-1208 window" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-moses-death-jordan" }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "historicalBoundary": "Highland demographic change and the Late Bronze–Iron I transition are archaeological realities. Jericho preserves Late Bronze occupation but its terminal sequence is preservation-limited and disputed; it must be tested for compatibility with the broader conquest window rather than as a same-year destruction marker.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places the opening campaign traditions near the beginning of the c. 1214–1208 BCE settlement horizon. Jericho and later northern campaigns such as Hazor are tested independently for compatibility with the Joshua-era sequence; they need not represent one synchronized destruction event.", "dependencies": [ "Joshua preserves historical memories", "The narratives compress geographically distinct events", "The archaeological settlement pattern does not by itself determine the prior origin of every population represented" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Highland settlement expansion and early Israelite consolidation remain", "The Merneptah anchor remains", "Joshua may preserve memory without a uniform conquest" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The model should be revised if it requires every listed city to have one matching destruction layer.", "alternatives": [ "Gradual settlement", "Peasant or pastoral reorganization", "Mixed migration/local-development models", "Localized campaigns later unified literarily" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jericho-campaign" }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1210 BCE · project placement as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hazor-northern-campaign" }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The Merneptah Stela names Israel in Canaan around 1208 BCE.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places the Jordan transition around 1214 BCE and allows settlement expansion and territorial consolidation to develop around the Merneptah boundary.", "dependencies": [ "1254 BCE Exodus coordinate", "Forty-year project interval" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Israel in Canaan by 1208 BCE remains externally secure" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The exact 1214 coordinate moves if the wilderness figure is schematic.", "alternatives": [ "Longer local-development model", "Mixed migration/local-development model", "Different conquest chronology" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "Do not infer that the Merneptah Stela fixes the beginning of Israel’s emergence; it fixes only the latest secure boundary for Israel’s presence in Canaan.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-israel-canaan" }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1208 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-merneptah" }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "historicalBoundary": "Joshua’s death functions as a literary and generational transition into the regional Judges narratives.", "projectReconstruction": "The project retains a representative coordinate after the principal settlement horizon.", "dependencies": [ "The adopted relative sequence" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The settlement-to-Judges transition remains", "No external anchor depends on Joshua’s exact death year" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should not be used as an independently established year.", "alternatives": [ "Longer overlap between Joshua traditions and early Judges crises" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-shechem-joshua-death" }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1230–1190/80 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-trojan-war-horizon" }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1200–1150 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-bronze-age-collapse" }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1208–1177 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance", "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sea-peoples-crisis" }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 1175–1100 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1175–1100 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-philistines", "feldman-philistine-dna-2019", "killebrew-lehmann-sea-peoples-2013", "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "cambridge-early-iron-levant" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-philistine-settlement" }, { "eventId": "post-collapse-power-vacuum", "title": "Post-Collapse Great-Power Vacuum", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "year": -1000, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1150–950 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "This card represents a documented multi-century geopolitical opening rather than a single-point event.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges through the early monarchy; the setting helps explain how local Levantine polities could emerge without continuous Egyptian, Hittite, or Assyrian domination.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-early-iron-levant", "oxford-assyria-nadir" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-post-collapse-power-vacuum" }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1200–1050 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judges" }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judges-dan-migration" }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early Judges era · literary appendix as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judges-benjamin-war" }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early Judges era · broad working placement as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-othniel" }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-ehud" }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "roleLabel": "Relative sequence only", "roleDescription": "The order of events is more defensible than any absolute calendar placement.", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "historicalBoundary": "The sequence is more secure than the absolute year; chronology should be read relationally rather than as a fixed calendar placement.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "relative-sequence", "numericFunction": "relative-narrative-sequence", "datePrecisionRole": "relative-sequence", "datePrecisionLabel": "Relative sequence only", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-shamgar" }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle Judges era · regional overlap as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-deborah-barak" }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-gideon" }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "roleLabel": "Relative sequence only", "roleDescription": "The order of events is more defensible than any absolute calendar placement.", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "historicalBoundary": "The sequence is more secure than the absolute year; chronology should be read relationally rather than as a fixed calendar placement.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains After Gideon · three-year local rule as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "relative-sequence", "numericFunction": "relative-narrative-sequence", "datePrecisionRole": "relative-sequence", "datePrecisionLabel": "Relative sequence only", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-abimelech" }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-tola-jair" }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Late Judges era · before the monarchy as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-jephthah" }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-samson" }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The displayed duration or interval represents literary, generational, or overlapping chronology rather than an exact stopwatch total.", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "historicalBoundary": "The literary or generational duration should not be arithmetically summed as though it were a modern continuous stopwatch chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Late Judges era · regional overlap as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "schematic-literary", "numericFunction": "schematic-literary-number", "datePrecisionRole": "schematic-period", "datePrecisionLabel": "Schematic literary period", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-ibzan-elon-abdon" }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "roleLabel": "Relative sequence only", "roleDescription": "The order of events is more defensible than any absolute calendar placement.", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "historicalBoundary": "The sequence is more secure than the absolute year; chronology should be read relationally rather than as a fixed calendar placement.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "relative-sequence", "numericFunction": "relative-narrative-sequence", "datePrecisionRole": "relative-sequence", "datePrecisionLabel": "Relative sequence only", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ruth-judges" }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1100–1050 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-shiloh-samuel" }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1075–1055 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ark-captured-aphek" }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1060–1050 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-samuel-mizpah" }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1050–1010 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-saul" }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "Broad 10th-century BCE Davidic horizon; c. 1010–970 BCE is a conventional reconstructed reign range, not an externally fixed forty-year span.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1010–970 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-david" }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1003 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-david-captures-jerusalem" }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1000 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ark-davidic-covenant" }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 980–975 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-absalom-revolt" }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 970–931 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-solomon" }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 965–960 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-first-temple-dedication" }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 931 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-divided-kingdom" }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 925 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 925 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-shoshenq-campaign" }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 880 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 880 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-omri-samaria" }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 860–853 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-elijah-carmel" }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 853 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-qarqar" }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 850–800 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-elisha-aramean-wars" }, { "eventId": "hazael-aram-damascus", "title": "Hazael Rises in Damascus and Aram Pressures Israel and Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 843–841 BCE", "year": -842, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 843–841 BCE for Hazael’s rise and the opening of the conflict horizon; Hazael is independently attested, while the exact accession year is reconstructed.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 843–841 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 8:7–15; 8:28–29; 9–10; 12:17–18; 13:3, 22–25.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hazael-aram-damascus" }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "Approximately 841 BCE, tied to Shalmaneser III’s eighteenth year and the Black Obelisk tribute record.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 841 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jehu" }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 841–835 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "textually-attested", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-athaliah-joash-restoration" }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 840 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 840 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-mesha-stele" }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 840–800 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 840–800 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tel-dan-stele" }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 805–796 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "The Assyrian campaign horizon and Joash attestation are externally anchored; identifying Adad-nirari III with the unnamed savior of 2 Kings 13:5 remains an inferential reconstruction.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction" }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 790–740 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jeroboam-uzziah" }, { "eventId": "menahem-tribute-assyria", "title": "Menahem of Israel Pays Tribute to Tiglath-pileser III", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 738 BCE", "year": -738, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 738 BCE within Tiglath-pileser III’s western campaigns; the synchronism between Menahem of Samaria and Assyrian tribute records is externally anchored.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 738 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 15:17–20.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-menahem-tribute-assyria" }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "745 BCE: Tiglath-pileser III Reboots Assyrian Expansion", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -745, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "745–727 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 745–727 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-tiglath-pileser-iii", "oracc-israel-tiglath-pileser", "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tiglath-pileser" }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "734–732 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 734–732 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-syro-ephraimite" }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "732 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 732 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-assyria-damascus-galilee" }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, and the Fall of Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "725–722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "722/721 BCE; the fall is tightly anchored, while attribution between Shalmaneser V and Sargon II remains debated.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 725–722/721 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6; 18:9–12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-samaria-falls" }, { "eventId": "yau-bidi-western-revolt", "title": "Yau-bi’di’s Western Revolt after Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "720 BCE", "year": -720, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "720 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 720 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "The 720 BCE revolt is externally fixed in Sargon II’s inscriptions; the social composition and political status of the Samaria/Israel participants remain uncertain.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6, 24; 18:9–12 (post-fall context; the revolt itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-yau-bidi-rinap" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-yau-bidi-western-revolt" }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 701 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 701 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hezekiah-tunnel" }, { "eventId": "kushite-egypt-anti-assyrian-context", "title": "Kushite Egypt Becomes the Southern Counterweight to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 720–701 BCE", "year": -710, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 720–701 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 720–701 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "The rise of Kushite power in Egypt is externally documented across this horizon; its use as the causal background to specific Judean diplomatic expectations is contextual reconstruction.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Isaiah 18; 20; 30–31; 2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "isac-taharqa-701", "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-kushite-egypt-anti-assyrian-context" }, { "eventId": "ashdod-revolt-sargon", "title": "Sargon II Crushes the Ashdod Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "711 BCE", "year": -711, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "711 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 711 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Isaiah 20:1–6", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ashdod-revolt-sargon" }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 714–702 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-merodach-baladan-embassy" }, { "eventId": "sargon-ii-death-hezekiah-revolt", "title": "Sargon II Dies in Battle: The Opening for Hezekiah’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "705 BCE", "year": -705, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "705 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 705 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "705 BCE is externally fixed for Sargon II’s death; connecting that succession shock causally to Hezekiah’s rebellion is an adopted geopolitical reconstruction.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; Isaiah 36–39; 2 Chronicles 32 (the death of Sargon itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-sargon-death-705", "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "bm-sennacherib-prism" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sargon-ii-death-hezekiah-revolt" }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "701 BCE, independently fixed within Sennacherib’s third campaign chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 701 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37; 2 Chronicles 32", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria", "isac-taharqa-701" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sennacherib" }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 697–642 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 697–642 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-manasseh-reign" }, { "eventId": "fall-nineveh-assyria", "title": "Nineveh Falls and the Assyrian Empire Collapses", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "612–609 BCE", "year": -612, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "612–609 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 612–609 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 23:29–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–24; Nahum (literary/theological horizon)", "sourceIds": [ "bm-fall-nineveh-chronicle" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-fall-nineveh-assyria" }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 640–609 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-josiah" }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 622/621 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-josiah-scroll-passover" }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 609 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria", "met-necho-ii-levant" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-josiah-death-megiddo" }, { "eventId": "judah-final-kings-transition", "title": "Judah’s Final Kings: Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609–597 BCE", "year": -603, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "609–597 BCE, bounded by Josiah’s death and the Babylonian Chronicle’s independently anchored capture of Jerusalem under Jehoiachin.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 609–597 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 23:31–24:17; 2 Chronicles 36:1–10; Jeremiah 22; 24–29.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judah-final-kings-transition" }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "605 BCE, securely located in Nebuchadnezzar’s accession-year campaign chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 605 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-carchemish" }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 605 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-daniel-first-captives" }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "597 BCE, independently synchronized by Babylonian chronicle evidence for Jerusalem’s capture and Jehoiachin’s exile.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 597 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-first-babylonian-exile" }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 593/592 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ezekiel-call" }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 589–588 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 589–588 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-lachish-letters" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated.", "historicalRange": "587/586 BCE depending accession-year/calendar convention; the project plots 586 BCE but does not treat 587 as eliminated.", "historicalBoundary": "The event is historically constrained, but two principal calendar or regnal solutions remain viable; the project preference does not erase the alternative.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline may plot or prefer one solution for continuity, while preserving the competing viable date in the precision record.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "two-viable-options", "numericFunction": "two-date-calendar-window", "datePrecisionRole": "two-option-window", "datePrecisionLabel": "Two-option historical window", "precisionNote": "The event is historically secure even though modern chronological conversion yields a 587/586 BCE choice.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-586" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "586/585 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 586/585 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel" }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 586–582 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-gedaliah-aftermath" }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "561/560 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 561/560 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jehoiachin-released" }, { "eventId": "belshazzar-fall-babylon", "title": "Belshazzar, Nabonidus, and the Fall of Babylon", "era": "Exile and Persian Transition", "displayDate": "539 BCE", "year": -539, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "539 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 539 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Daniel 5", "sourceIds": [ "bm-nabonidus-belshazzar-cylinder", "met-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-belshazzar-fall-babylon" }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "539 BCE for Cyrus’s conquest of Babylon; 538 BCE for the return authorization as narrated in Ezra.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 539–538 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-cyrus" }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 538–520 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-zerubbabel-return" }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 520 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-haggai-zechariah-temple-restart" }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 516 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-second-temple" }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 483 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-xerxes-third-year-banquet" }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 480–479 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-xerxes-greek-invasion" }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 479/478 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-esther-persian-court" }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 474/473 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-purim-crisis" }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 458–445 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ezra-nehemiah" }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 445/444 BCE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-nehemiah-wall" }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 450–430 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-malachi-late-persian" }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 500–400 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 500–400 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "asor-elephantine" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-elephantine-community" }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "332 BCE for Alexander’s conquest of the southern Levant.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 332 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-alexander" }, { "eventId": "alexander-death-diadochi", "title": "Alexander Dies; the Diadochi Wars Begin", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "323–301 BCE", "year": -312, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "323–301 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 323–301 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "323 BCE is the fixed death of Alexander; the displayed range follows the Successor wars through the formation of the post-Alexander kingdoms affecting Judea.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background to the Hellenistic setting reflected in Daniel and to the later political world of the Maccabees.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-alexander-death-diadochi" }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 280–150 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 280–150 BCE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-septuagint-origins" }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "301–198 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 301–198 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ptolemaic-seleucid-judea" }, { "eventId": "battle-panium-seleucid", "title": "Panium and the Seleucid Takeover of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "200–198 BCE", "year": -200, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "200–198 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 200–198 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background to Daniel 11 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-panion-200", "cambridge-judea-198", "met-seleucid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-battle-panium-seleucid" }, { "eventId": "magnesia-apamea-seleucid", "title": "Magnesia and the Treaty of Apamea Weaken the Seleucid Empire", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "190–188 BCE", "year": -188, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "190–188 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 190–188 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background to 2 Maccabees 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-hellenistic-apamea", "met-seleucid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-magnesia-apamea-seleucid" }, { "eventId": "eleusis-antiochus-roman-ultimatum", "title": "Rome Forces Antiochus IV Out of Egypt at Eleusis", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "168 BCE", "year": -168, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "168 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 168 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Context for Daniel 11:29–30 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-eleusis-antiochus-roman-ultimatum" }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "167–164 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 167–164 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-maccabees" }, { "eventId": "seleucid-dynastic-wars", "title": "Seleucid Dynastic Wars Open the Hasmonean Path", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 152–142 BCE", "year": -147, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "c. 152–142 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 152–142 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "The range tracks the dynastic competition that progressively increased Hasmonean autonomy; independence was incremental.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Maccabees 10–13 records the diplomacy of Jonathan and Simon with competing Seleucid claimants.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-hasmoneans", "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-seleucid-dynastic-wars" }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "142–63 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 142–63 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hasmonean-state" }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 250 BCE–70 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-dead-sea-scrolls-community" }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "63 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 63 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires", "cambridge-pompey-syria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-pompey" }, { "eventId": "caesar-antipater-alexandria", "title": "Caesar’s Alexandrian War Elevates Antipater", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "48–47 BCE", "year": -47, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "48–47 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 48–47 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "The range covers Antipater’s assistance to Caesar and the immediate political rewards that elevated his family.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background to the Herodian political order presupposed by Matthew and Luke.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-antipater", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-caesar-antipater-alexandria" }, { "eventId": "parthian-invasion-herod", "title": "Parthian Invasion Drives Herod to Rome", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "40 BCE", "year": -40, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "40 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 40 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Background to Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herodian-context", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-parthian-invasion-herod" }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "roleLabel": "External range with disputed boundary", "roleDescription": "Most of the chronology is externally secure, but one boundary remains a live chronological dispute.", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "historicalBoundary": "Herod’s reign and client-kingship are externally documented. The death year remains disputed in the project’s source comparison.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model uses a 1 BCE death; the historical-minimum and conventional views keep the 4 BCE majority position visible.", "dependencies": [ "Josephus chronology and eclipse interpretation", "Regnal-year calculation" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Herod’s reign and connection to the infancy chronology remain", "A 4 BCE death shifts the birth range but does not affect the later crucifixion candidates" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A decisive Josephus/eclipses argument for 4 BCE would remove the 1 BCE placement.", "alternatives": [ "4 BCE majority chronology", "1 BCE minority chronology" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "dateStatus": "externally-anchored-disputed-boundary", "numericFunction": "externally-anchored-disputed-boundary", "datePrecisionRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "datePrecisionLabel": "External range with disputed boundary", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-herod" }, { "eventId": "actium-herod-octavian", "title": "Actium Secures Herod under Octavian", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "31–30 BCE", "year": -30, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "31–30 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 31–30 BCE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "Actium occurred in 31 BCE; Herod’s reconciliation and reconfirmation under Octavian belong especially to 30 BCE.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Political background to Matthew 2 and Luke 1–2.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-actium", "cambridge-herodian-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-actium-herod-octavian" }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "20/19 BCE onward; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 20/19 BCE onward as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-herod-temple" }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "27 BCE–14 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 27 BCE–14 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-augustus-principate" }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "historicalBoundary": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death in Matthew’s sequence. No first-century source records an exact civil birthday.", "projectReconstruction": "September 11, 3 BCE remains the adopted astronomical-theological coordinate derived from a particular reading of Revelation 12, the Virgo configuration, Tishri 1, and a 1 BCE death of Herod.", "dependencies": [ "Herod dies in 1 BCE", "Revelation 12 encodes a literal celestial configuration connected to the birth", "Virgo represents the woman and the lunar placement identifies the date", "The astronomical symbolism was intended as recoverable chronology" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Yeshua’s historical birth before Herod remains", "The ministry and crucifixion chronology can be reconstructed independently", "A broad 6–2 BCE birth range remains" ], "weakeningEvidence": "If Revelation 12 is not calendrical or Herod died in 4 BCE, the exact date fails while the broader nativity chronology survives.", "alternatives": [ "c. 6–4 BCE under the conventional Herodian chronology", "c. 3–2 BCE under the minority late-Herod chronology", "Exact date unrecoverable" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-birth-jesus" }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Approximately September 18, 3 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-circumcision" }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Approximately October 3 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-presentation" }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 2 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-magi" }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 2–1 BCE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-flight-egypt" }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated.", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "historicalBoundary": "Herod’s death and succession are historical; the exact year depends on the interpretation of Josephus, regnal calculation, and eclipse evidence.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model retains 1 BCE to support its infancy sequence, while the conventional and historical-minimum views display 4 BCE prominently.", "dependencies": [ "Minority Josephus chronology", "Eclipse-to-Passover reconstruction", "The project nativity model" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Herod’s historical death and succession remain", "A 4 BCE death yields a broader 6–4 BCE nativity range", "Crucifixion chronology is unaffected" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A decisive 4 BCE reconstruction would require moving the birth coordinate and infancy events.", "alternatives": [ "4 BCE majority chronology", "1 BCE minority chronology" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "dateStatus": "two-viable-options", "numericFunction": "two-date-calendar-window", "datePrecisionRole": "two-option-window", "datePrecisionLabel": "Two-option historical window", "precisionNote": "This is a disputed historical boundary, not a free project date: 4 BCE is conventional; 1 BCE is the project preference.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-herod-death" }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 1 BCE or shortly afterward as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-return-nazareth" }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 6 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "Date certainty for Quirinius’s census is separate from the identification problem posed by Luke 2.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-quirinius-census" }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 10 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-age-twelve" }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "Tiberius ruled 14–37 CE and Pilate governed Judea c. 26–36 CE; the project’s 14–36 label is contextual rather than a single shared tenure.", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 14–36 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tiberius-pilate" }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "c. 27–29 CE, derived chiefly from Luke’s fifteenth-year-of-Tiberius synchronism with Roman chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 27–29 CE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-john-baptist" }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "c. 28–29 CE as a textual synchronism tied to the Tiberian framework; not an independently dated event.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 28 CE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-baptism" }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 29–30 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 29–30 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-john-baptist-death" }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated.", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "historicalBoundary": "John’s ministry, Tiberius, Pilate, Antipas, and Caiaphas provide a secure framework in the early first century CE.", "projectReconstruction": "The project prefers a compressed ministry ending in 30 CE but recognizes that a straightforward three-Passover sequence favors 33 CE.", "dependencies": [ "Counting Tiberius’s fifteenth year", "Interpretation of John 6:4 and the festival sequence", "Selected birth chronology only as a secondary age consideration" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Yeshua’s public ministry under Pilate remains", "Both 30 and 33 CE crucifixion candidates remain historically viable" ], "weakeningEvidence": "If John’s Passovers are sequential annual markers, the compressed 30 CE model becomes less natural.", "alternatives": [ "Compressed c. 28/29–30 CE ministry", "Longer c. 28/29–33 CE ministry" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "two-viable-options", "numericFunction": "two-date-calendar-window", "datePrecisionRole": "two-option-window", "datePrecisionLabel": "Two-option historical window", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ministry" }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated.", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "historicalBoundary": "The event is historically constrained, but two principal calendar or regnal solutions remain viable; the project preference does not erase the alternative.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline may plot or prefer one solution for continuity, while preserving the competing viable date in the precision record.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "two-major-options", "dateStatus": "two-viable-options", "numericFunction": "two-date-calendar-window", "datePrecisionRole": "two-option-window", "datePrecisionLabel": "Two-option historical window", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-triumphal-entry" }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated.", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "historicalBoundary": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate and the tomb was discovered empty on the first day of the week in the Gospel tradition.", "projectReconstruction": "The project prefers April 7, 30 CE because of its compressed ministry and adopted birth model, but treats April 3, 33 CE as a co-primary historical candidate.", "dependencies": [ "Johannine Passover-day reconstruction", "Ancient lunar-calendar visibility and intercalation", "Ministry-duration model" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Friday crucifixion, Saturday Sabbath, and Sunday discovery remain", "The historical crucifixion under Pilate remains", "Rejecting 30 CE leaves 33 CE fully viable" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Calendar uncertainty prevents either Julian date from becoming mathematically inevitable.", "alternatives": [ "April 7, 30 CE", "April 3, 33 CE" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "two-major-options", "dateStatus": "two-viable-options", "numericFunction": "two-date-calendar-window", "datePrecisionRole": "two-option-window", "datePrecisionLabel": "Two-option historical window", "precisionNote": "The event and Roman setting are historically strong; the exact Friday is the disputed component.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-crucifixion" }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The displayed date is generated by the project’s selected reconstruction and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed placement follows the adopted reconstruction and is not independently recovered from external chronology.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Spring 30 CE preferred as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "dateStatus": "dependent on the selected model", "numericFunction": "model-derived-date", "datePrecisionRole": "model-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ascension-pentecost" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 30–33 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-church-growth" }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 32–34 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-stephen-martyrdom" }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 33–35 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 33–35 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-conversion" }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 36–38 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-first-jerusalem" }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 38–41 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-cornelius-gentile-mission" }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 40–43 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-antioch-church" }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 44 CE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-james-zebedee-peter-prison" }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "44 CE, independently anchored by Josephus and Roman-era chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 44 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-agrippa-i-death" }, { "eventId": "claudian-judean-famine", "title": "The Claudian Judean Famine and the Antioch Relief Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 45–48 CE", "year": 46, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 45–48 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 45–48 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "Josephus independently attests a severe Jerusalem famine and Helena’s relief; aligning this with the Acts 11 famine-relief horizon is strong contextual synchronism rather than identity of the relief missions.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 11:27–30; 12:25", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-claudian-judean-famine" }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 46–48 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-first-journey" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "48/49 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 48/49 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-supported", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-council" }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 49–52 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 49–52 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-second-journey" }, { "eventId": "claudius-jews-rome", "title": "Claudius Orders Jews to Leave Rome", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49 CE", "year": 49, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "c. 49 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 49 CE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 18:1–3", "sourceIds": [ "slingerland-claudian-expulsion", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-claudius-jews-rome" }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "roleLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "roleDescription": "An explicit biblical or ancient textual regnal/relative statement is synchronized to an externally dated ruler or event.", "historicalRange": "c. 51–52 CE, synchronized to Gallio’s proconsulship established by the Delphi inscription.", "historicalBoundary": "The date is obtained by tying an explicit textual regnal or relative statement to externally dated history. It is stronger than a free project coordinate but still depends on interpreting that textual synchronism correctly.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 51–52 CE as the best reading of the textual synchronism against external chronology.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "textual-synchronism", "numericFunction": "textual-external-synchronism", "datePrecisionRole": "textual-synchronism", "datePrecisionLabel": "Textual synchronism to external chronology", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-gallio-corinth" }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 53–57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 53–57 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-third-journey" }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 57 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-arrest-jerusalem" }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 57–59 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-caesarea-imprisonment" }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 59–60 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-voyage-shipwreck" }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 60–62 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [ "The selected chronology model and its upstream assumptions" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-rome-imprisonment" }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "62 CE is the standard placement from Josephus’s account and the high-priestly succession chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 62 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-james-brother-death" }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "roleLabel": "Historically constrained range", "roleDescription": "Multiple historical constraints support the interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "historicalRange": "64–68 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "Converging historical evidence constrains the event to this interval, but no single external datum independently fixes the exact plotted coordinate.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 64–68 CE as a defensible constrained range, not as a hard external anchor.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "historically-constrained-range", "numericFunction": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionRole": "historically-constrained-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Historically constrained range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-neronian-persecution" }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "roleDescription": "The broad horizon or narrative sequence is defensible, but the plotted point or range is retained mainly to visualize the chronology.", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The broad horizon or narrative order is defensible, but the displayed coordinate is retained primarily to visualize the sequence and should not be read as a recovered absolute date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 64–67 CE as a working coordinate at the evidentiary level stated by this precision audit.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "dateStatus": "representative-coordinate", "numericFunction": "representative-display-coordinate", "datePrecisionRole": "representative-coordinate", "datePrecisionLabel": "Representative plotting coordinate", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-peter-paul-deaths" }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "66–73/74 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 66–73/74 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-first-jewish-revolt" }, { "eventId": "four-emperors-jewish-war", "title": "Nero Falls; Vespasian Becomes Emperor", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "68–69 CE", "year": 69, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "68–69 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 68–69 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "The range covers Nero’s fall, the 69 CE civil-war succession, Vespasian’s accession, and transfer of the Judaean command to Titus.", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Post-New-Testament context for the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Second Temple order.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-flavian-judaea", "josephus-war6" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-four-emperors-jewish-war" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by inscriptional, regnal, astronomical, archaeological, or comparably strong external chronology.", "historicalRange": "70 CE, independently fixed within the First Jewish Revolt chronology.", "historicalBoundary": "The displayed year or narrow window is independently controlled by external chronology. That date security does not, by itself, establish every biblical or interpretive association attached to the event.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 70 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-fixed", "numericFunction": "exact-or-narrow-external-anchor", "datePrecisionRole": "external-anchor", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally fixed anchor", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70" }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates or calendar solutions remain viable; the project may prefer one without treating the other as eliminated.", "historicalRange": "73/74 CE; the exact modern-year conversion varies with chronological reckoning.", "historicalBoundary": "The event is historically constrained, but two principal calendar or regnal solutions remain viable; the project preference does not erase the alternative.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline may plot or prefer one solution for continuity, while preserving the competing viable date in the precision record.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-context", "dateStatus": "two-viable-options", "numericFunction": "two-date-calendar-window", "datePrecisionRole": "two-option-window", "datePrecisionLabel": "Two-option historical window", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-masada-falls" }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "coordinateRole": "external-range", "roleLabel": "Externally controlled range", "roleDescription": "The historical interval is independently established, but its boundaries are broader or approximate rather than a single hard year.", "historicalRange": "132–135 CE", "historicalBoundary": "The historical interval is independently documented, while its exact beginning, ending, or internal placement remains broader than a single hard date.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains 132–135 CE because the displayed chronology is externally controlled at the stated level of precision.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "documented-core", "dateStatus": "externally-controlled-range", "numericFunction": "externally-controlled-range", "datePrecisionRole": "external-range", "datePrecisionLabel": "Externally controlled range", "precisionNote": "", "precisionAuditVersion": "24.1.0", "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-bar-kokhba-revolt" } ] }