{ "version": "19.0.0", "generated": "2026-08-24", "models": [ { "id": "adopted", "name": "Adopted reconstruction", "short": "Your working model", "description": "The project’s full working reconstruction. Exact coordinates remain visible, but every event now also displays the wider historical range, dependency chain, and conclusions that survive if a hypothesis fails.", "position": "Project position", "positionDetail": "This remains the project’s preferred integrated model; its exact dates carry explicitly differentiated evidentiary weight.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal setting", "value": "c. 1800–1750 BCE" }, { "label": "Joseph", "value": "c. 1630–1600 BCE" }, { "label": "Oppression model", "value": "Multi-reign: Ahmose I → Ay → Horemheb → Ramesside labor" }, { "label": "Exodus", "value": "c. 1254 BCE" }, { "label": "Jesus' birth", "value": "September 11, 3 BCE hypothesis · broad range c. 6–2 BCE" }, { "label": "Herod's death", "value": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 CE preferred · 33 CE co-primary" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1595 BCE", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1457 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1323 BCE", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1259 BCE", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israelite settlement expansion and territorial consolidation develop in Canaan around the Merneptah horizon; the stela independently names Israel by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean after mounting warfare, migration, state failure, and economic disruption. The project treats Aegean–Anatolian upheaval—including the Trojan-war horizon—and the Sea Peoples crisis as interacting accelerants within this multicausal breakdown, which weakens the old order in Canaan as Israel, Philistines, and other Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. The project situates these movements downstream of wider Aegean–Anatolian disruption, potentially including the Trojan-war horizon, while retaining that specific causal link as inferential. “Sea Peoples” remains a modern umbrella term, not one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance", "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1175–1100 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine ethnogenesis on the southern coastal plain provides the clearest biblical downstream connection to the Sea Peoples-era population movements that followed the Aegean–Anatolian crisis. Philistine cities then become a major political and military force in Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-philistines", "feldman-philistine-dna-2019", "killebrew-lehmann-sea-peoples-2013", "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "cambridge-early-iron-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "post-collapse-power-vacuum", "title": "Post-Collapse Great-Power Vacuum", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "lesson": "After the Late Bronze Age collapse, Egyptian imperial control in Canaan contracts while Assyria enters a long period of weakness. Aramaean and other local powers expand into the resulting vacuum, creating an unusually open geopolitical window for Philistia, Israel, Judah, Phoenician states, and neighboring Iron Age polities to consolidate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges through the early monarchy; the setting helps explain how local Levantine polities could emerge without continuous Egyptian, Hittite, or Assyrian domination.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-early-iron-levant", "oxford-assyria-nadir" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Broad 10th-century BCE Davidic horizon; c. 1010–970 BCE is a conventional reconstructed reign range, not an externally fixed forty-year span.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 925 BCE", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 880 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "hazael-aram-damascus", "title": "Hazael Rises in Damascus and Aram Pressures Israel and Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 843–841 BCE", "year": -842, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 843–841 BCE for Hazael’s rise and the opening of the conflict horizon; Hazael is independently attested, while the exact accession year is reconstructed.", "lesson": "Hazael’s accession marks the emergence of an aggressive Aram-Damascus power that dominates the political setting of Jehu’s revolution and the following generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 8:7–15; 8:28–29; 9–10; 12:17–18; 13:3, 22–25.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Approximately 841 BCE, tied to Shalmaneser III’s eighteenth year and the Black Obelisk tribute record.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840 BCE", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840–800 BCE", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "menahem-tribute-assyria", "title": "Menahem of Israel Pays Tribute to Tiglath-pileser III", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 738 BCE", "year": -738, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 738 BCE within Tiglath-pileser III’s western campaigns; the synchronism between Menahem of Samaria and Assyrian tribute records is externally anchored.", "lesson": "Israel’s king Menahem enters the Assyrian tribute system as Tiglath-pileser III expands westward, providing a direct bridge between the biblical regnal narrative and Neo-Assyrian imperial records.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:17–20.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "745 BCE: Tiglath-pileser III Reboots Assyrian Expansion", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -745, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "745–727 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III’s accession in 745 BCE reverses decades of Assyrian weakness and launches the expansionist system that drives Menahem’s tribute, the Syro-Ephraimite crisis, the destruction of Damascus, the truncation of Israel, and ultimately Samaria’s fall.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-tiglath-pileser-iii", "oracc-israel-tiglath-pileser", "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "734–732 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "732 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, and the Fall of Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "725–722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "722/721 BCE; the fall is tightly anchored, while attribution between Shalmaneser V and Sargon II remains debated.", "lesson": "Assyria besieges and captures Samaria, ending the northern kingdom as an independent state and deporting part of its population.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6; 18:9–12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "yau-bidi-western-revolt", "title": "Yau-bi’di’s Western Revolt after Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "720 BCE", "year": -720, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "720 BCE", "lesson": "Within roughly two years of Samaria’s fall, Sargon II suppresses a broad western rebellion led from Hamath in which his inscriptions include Samaria/Israel among the participating territories. This shows that Assyrian consolidation of the former northern kingdom was a contested process rather than a single clean endpoint in 722/721 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6, 24; 18:9–12 (post-fall context; the revolt itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-yau-bidi-rinap" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 701 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "kushite-egypt-anti-assyrian-context", "title": "Kushite Egypt Becomes the Southern Counterweight to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 720–701 BCE", "year": -710, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 720–701 BCE", "lesson": "The consolidation of Kushite rule in Egypt creates the only southern great-power counterweight capable of encouraging Levantine resistance to Assyria, supplying the geopolitical background to Isaiah’s repeated warnings against reliance on Egypt and Cush and to the appearance of Tirhakah in the 701 BCE crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 18; 20; 30–31; 2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "isac-taharqa-701", "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "ashdod-revolt-sargon", "title": "Sargon II Crushes the Ashdod Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "711 BCE", "year": -711, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "711 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II suppresses Ashdod’s revolt and turns the city into an Assyrian province, creating the immediate international crisis behind Isaiah 20’s dated sign-act.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 20:1–6", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "sargon-ii-death-hezekiah-revolt", "title": "Sargon II Dies in Battle: The Opening for Hezekiah’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "705 BCE", "year": -705, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "705 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II’s unexpected battlefield death in 705 BCE and the accession of Sennacherib create the imperial succession crisis in which Merodach-baladan and western vassals renew resistance. The project adopts this shock as the most natural external trigger for the rebellion cycle that culminates in Sennacherib’s 701 BCE invasion of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; Isaiah 36–39; 2 Chronicles 32 (the death of Sargon itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-sargon-death-705", "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "bm-sennacherib-prism" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "701 BCE, independently fixed within Sennacherib’s third campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37; 2 Chronicles 32", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria", "isac-taharqa-701" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 697–642 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "fall-nineveh-assyria", "title": "Nineveh Falls and the Assyrian Empire Collapses", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "612–609 BCE", "year": -612, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "612–609 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction of Nineveh in 612 BCE and Assyria’s final retreat toward Harran create the power vacuum that draws Egypt north, setting up Necho II’s passage through Judah, Josiah’s death at Megiddo, and Babylon’s eventual supremacy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:29–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–24; Nahum (literary/theological horizon)", "sourceIds": [ "bm-fall-nineveh-chronicle" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria", "met-necho-ii-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "judah-final-kings-transition", "title": "Judah’s Final Kings: Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609–597 BCE", "year": -603, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "609–597 BCE, bounded by Josiah’s death and the Babylonian Chronicle’s independently anchored capture of Jerusalem under Jehoiachin.", "lesson": "After Josiah’s death, Judah passes through rapid royal succession and foreign domination: Jehoahaz is removed by Egypt, Jehoiakim rules under Egyptian and then Babylonian pressure, Jehoiachin is deported in 597 BCE, and Zedekiah is installed by Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:31–24:17; 2 Chronicles 36:1–10; Jeremiah 22; 24–29.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "605 BCE, securely located in Nebuchadnezzar’s accession-year campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "597 BCE, independently synchronized by Babylonian chronicle evidence for Jerusalem’s capture and Jehoiachin’s exile.", "lesson": "The Babylonian Chronicle directly anchors Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of Jerusalem in 597 BCE, the removal of Jehoiachin, and installation of a replacement king, creating the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 589–588 BCE", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "587/586 BCE depending accession-year/calendar convention; the project plots 586 BCE but does not treat 587 as eliminated.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "586/585 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "561/560 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "belshazzar-fall-babylon", "title": "Belshazzar, Nabonidus, and the Fall of Babylon", "era": "Exile and Persian Transition", "displayDate": "539 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "539 BCE", "lesson": "Daniel’s Belshazzar setting is placed against the final Neo-Babylonian regime immediately before Cyrus captures Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 5", "sourceIds": [ "bm-nabonidus-belshazzar-cylinder", "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "539 BCE for Cyrus’s conquest of Babylon; 538 BCE for the return authorization as narrated in Ezra.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 500–400 BCE", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "332 BCE for Alexander’s conquest of the southern Levant.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander-death-diadochi", "title": "Alexander Dies; the Diadochi Wars Begin", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "323–301 BCE", "year": -312, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "323–301 BCE", "lesson": "Alexander’s death without a stable adult successor fractures his empire. The wars of the Successors create the Ptolemaic and Seleucid power systems that subsequently compete for Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Hellenistic setting reflected in Daniel and to the later political world of the Maccabees.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 280–150 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "301–198 BCE", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "battle-panium-seleucid", "title": "Panium and the Seleucid Takeover of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "200–198 BCE", "year": -200, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "200–198 BCE", "lesson": "Antiochus III’s victory over Ptolemaic forces in the Fifth Syrian War transfers Coele-Syria and Judea into the Seleucid sphere, creating the political framework in which the later Antiochus IV crisis occurs.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Daniel 11 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-panion-200", "cambridge-judea-198", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "magnesia-apamea-seleucid", "title": "Magnesia and the Treaty of Apamea Weaken the Seleucid Empire", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "190–188 BCE", "year": -188, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "190–188 BCE", "lesson": "Rome defeats Antiochus III and imposes the Peace of Apamea, sharply reducing Seleucid power and imposing heavy obligations; this forms part of the fiscal and geopolitical background to later Seleucid extraction and Judean temple politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to 2 Maccabees 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-hellenistic-apamea", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "eleusis-antiochus-roman-ultimatum", "title": "Rome Forces Antiochus IV Out of Egypt at Eleusis", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "168 BCE", "year": -168, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "168 BCE", "lesson": "A Roman ultimatum halts Antiochus IV’s Egyptian campaign in 168 BCE. His Egyptian wars and abrupt withdrawal form the immediate international backdrop to the Jerusalem crisis that erupts into the Maccabean revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Context for Daniel 11:29–30 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "167–164 BCE", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "seleucid-dynastic-wars", "title": "Seleucid Dynastic Wars Open the Hasmonean Path", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 152–142 BCE", "year": -147, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 152–142 BCE", "lesson": "Rival Seleucid kings repeatedly court Jonathan and Simon for military support, converting Maccabean survival into offices, territorial concessions, tax relief, and finally effective independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Maccabees 10–13 records the diplomacy of Jonathan and Simon with competing Seleucid claimants.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-hasmoneans", "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "142–63 BCE", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "63 BCE", "lesson": "Pompey’s eastern victories turn Syria into a Roman province and make Rome the decisive arbiter of the Hasmonean civil war; his entry into Jerusalem ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires", "cambridge-pompey-syria" ] }, { "eventId": "caesar-antipater-alexandria", "title": "Caesar’s Alexandrian War Elevates Antipater", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "48–47 BCE", "year": -47, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "48–47 BCE", "lesson": "Antipater’s military assistance to Julius Caesar during the Alexandrian crisis wins him Roman citizenship and authority in Judea. He then places Phasael and Herod in regional government, providing a direct causal bridge from Roman civil war to the rise of the Herodian dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Herodian political order presupposed by Matthew and Luke.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-antipater", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "parthian-invasion-herod", "title": "Parthian Invasion Drives Herod to Rome", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "40 BCE", "year": -40, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "40 BCE", "lesson": "A Parthian invasion installs Antigonus II Mattathias and drives Herod from Judea. Herod’s flight to Rome leads to his recognition by the Roman Senate as king, directly creating the Herodian regime that dominates the Gospel political background.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herodian-context", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "actium-herod-octavian", "title": "Actium Secures Herod under Octavian", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "31–30 BCE", "year": -30, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "31–30 BCE", "lesson": "Herod survives the defeat of his patron Antony, successfully transfers allegiance to Octavian, and is reconfirmed and territorially strengthened. The Augustan–Herodian regime that frames the infancy narratives therefore depends in part on the outcome of Actium.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to Matthew 2 and Luke 1–2.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-actium", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "20/19 BCE onward; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "27 BCE–14 CE", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "Tiberius ruled 14–37 CE and Pilate governed Judea c. 26–36 CE; the project’s 14–36 label is contextual rather than a single shared tenure.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 27–29 CE, derived chiefly from Luke’s fifteenth-year-of-Tiberius synchronism with Roman chronology.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 28–29 CE as a textual synchronism tied to the Tiberian framework; not an independently dated event.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 29–30 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 33–35 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "44 CE, independently anchored by Josephus and Roman-era chronology.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "claudian-judean-famine", "title": "The Claudian Judean Famine and the Antioch Relief Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 45–48 CE", "year": 46, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 45–48 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts’ famine-relief mission belongs in a period when Josephus independently reports a severe famine at Jerusalem and describes Queen Helena of Adiabene importing grain for the poor. The overlap supplies a strong external context for Acts 11 without requiring both authors to describe the same relief operation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:27–30; 12:25", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "48/49 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 49–52 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "claudius-jews-rome", "title": "Claudius Orders Jews to Leave Rome", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 49 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Acts introduces Aquila and Priscilla as recent arrivals from Italy because Claudius had ordered Jews to leave Rome; Suetonius independently reports a Claudian expulsion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–3", "sourceIds": [ "slingerland-claudian-expulsion", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 51–52 CE, synchronized to Gallio’s proconsulship established by the Delphi inscription.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 53–57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "62 CE is the standard placement from Josephus’s account and the high-priestly succession chronology.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "64–68 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "66–73/74 CE", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "four-emperors-jewish-war", "title": "Nero Falls; Vespasian Becomes Emperor", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "68–69 CE", "year": 69, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "68–69 CE", "lesson": "Nero’s fall and the Roman civil wars interrupt the Judaean campaign. Vespasian shifts from field commander to imperial contender and emperor; Titus inherits the siege command, directly linking Rome’s succession crisis to the form the war takes in 70 CE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Post-New-Testament context for the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Second Temple order.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-flavian-judaea", "josephus-war6" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "70 CE, independently fixed within the First Jewish Revolt chronology.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "73/74 CE; the exact modern-year conversion varies with chronological reckoning.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "132–135 CE", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] }, { "id": "historical-minimum", "name": "Historical minimum", "short": "Externally constrained baseline", "description": "Shows the minimum chronology recoverable from external anchors, broadly supported historical cores, and carefully labeled date ranges. Model-specific identifications are omitted or converted into contextual records.", "position": "Evidence floor", "positionDetail": "This view deliberately withholds model-dependent identifications and exact coordinates. It is a baseline, not a replacement for the adopted reconstruction.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal individuals", "value": "Not independently datable" }, { "label": "Eastern Delta context", "value": "Avaris conquest, Eighteenth-Dynasty crises, and Pi-Ramesses documented" }, { "label": "Israel in Canaan", "value": "By c. 1208 BCE" }, { "label": "Davidic polity", "value": "10th century BCE; scale disputed" }, { "label": "Yeshua's birth", "value": "Broadly before Herod’s death; exact year disputed" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 or 33 CE" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1595 BCE", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1457 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1323 BCE", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1259 BCE", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean after mounting warfare, migration, state failure, and economic disruption. The project treats Aegean–Anatolian upheaval—including the Trojan-war horizon—and the Sea Peoples crisis as interacting accelerants within this multicausal breakdown, which weakens the old order in Canaan as Israel, Philistines, and other Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. The project situates these movements downstream of wider Aegean–Anatolian disruption, potentially including the Trojan-war horizon, while retaining that specific causal link as inferential. “Sea Peoples” remains a modern umbrella term, not one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance", "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1175–1100 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine ethnogenesis on the southern coastal plain provides the clearest biblical downstream connection to the Sea Peoples-era population movements that followed the Aegean–Anatolian crisis. Philistine cities then become a major political and military force in Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-philistines", "feldman-philistine-dna-2019", "killebrew-lehmann-sea-peoples-2013", "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "cambridge-early-iron-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "post-collapse-power-vacuum", "title": "Post-Collapse Great-Power Vacuum", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "lesson": "After the Late Bronze Age collapse, Egyptian imperial control in Canaan contracts while Assyria enters a long period of weakness. Aramaean and other local powers expand into the resulting vacuum, creating an unusually open geopolitical window for Philistia, Israel, Judah, Phoenician states, and neighboring Iron Age polities to consolidate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges through the early monarchy; the setting helps explain how local Levantine polities could emerge without continuous Egyptian, Hittite, or Assyrian domination.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-early-iron-levant", "oxford-assyria-nadir" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Broad 10th-century BCE Davidic horizon; c. 1010–970 BCE is a conventional reconstructed reign range, not an externally fixed forty-year span.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 925 BCE", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 880 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "hazael-aram-damascus", "title": "Hazael Rises in Damascus and Aram Pressures Israel and Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 843–841 BCE", "year": -842, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 843–841 BCE for Hazael’s rise and the opening of the conflict horizon; Hazael is independently attested, while the exact accession year is reconstructed.", "lesson": "Hazael’s accession marks the emergence of an aggressive Aram-Damascus power that dominates the political setting of Jehu’s revolution and the following generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 8:7–15; 8:28–29; 9–10; 12:17–18; 13:3, 22–25.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Approximately 841 BCE, tied to Shalmaneser III’s eighteenth year and the Black Obelisk tribute record.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840 BCE", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840–800 BCE", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "menahem-tribute-assyria", "title": "Menahem of Israel Pays Tribute to Tiglath-pileser III", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 738 BCE", "year": -738, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 738 BCE within Tiglath-pileser III’s western campaigns; the synchronism between Menahem of Samaria and Assyrian tribute records is externally anchored.", "lesson": "Israel’s king Menahem enters the Assyrian tribute system as Tiglath-pileser III expands westward, providing a direct bridge between the biblical regnal narrative and Neo-Assyrian imperial records.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:17–20.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "745 BCE: Tiglath-pileser III Reboots Assyrian Expansion", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -745, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "745–727 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III’s accession in 745 BCE reverses decades of Assyrian weakness and launches the expansionist system that drives Menahem’s tribute, the Syro-Ephraimite crisis, the destruction of Damascus, the truncation of Israel, and ultimately Samaria’s fall.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-tiglath-pileser-iii", "oracc-israel-tiglath-pileser", "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "734–732 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "732 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, and the Fall of Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "725–722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "722/721 BCE; the fall is tightly anchored, while attribution between Shalmaneser V and Sargon II remains debated.", "lesson": "Assyria besieges and captures Samaria, ending the northern kingdom as an independent state and deporting part of its population.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6; 18:9–12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "yau-bidi-western-revolt", "title": "Yau-bi’di’s Western Revolt after Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "720 BCE", "year": -720, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "720 BCE", "lesson": "Within roughly two years of Samaria’s fall, Sargon II suppresses a broad western rebellion led from Hamath in which his inscriptions include Samaria/Israel among the participating territories. This shows that Assyrian consolidation of the former northern kingdom was a contested process rather than a single clean endpoint in 722/721 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6, 24; 18:9–12 (post-fall context; the revolt itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-yau-bidi-rinap" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 701 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "kushite-egypt-anti-assyrian-context", "title": "Kushite Egypt Becomes the Southern Counterweight to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 720–701 BCE", "year": -710, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 720–701 BCE", "lesson": "The consolidation of Kushite rule in Egypt creates the only southern great-power counterweight capable of encouraging Levantine resistance to Assyria, supplying the geopolitical background to Isaiah’s repeated warnings against reliance on Egypt and Cush and to the appearance of Tirhakah in the 701 BCE crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 18; 20; 30–31; 2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "isac-taharqa-701", "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "ashdod-revolt-sargon", "title": "Sargon II Crushes the Ashdod Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "711 BCE", "year": -711, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "711 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II suppresses Ashdod’s revolt and turns the city into an Assyrian province, creating the immediate international crisis behind Isaiah 20’s dated sign-act.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 20:1–6", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "sargon-ii-death-hezekiah-revolt", "title": "Sargon II Dies in Battle: The Opening for Hezekiah’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "705 BCE", "year": -705, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "705 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II’s unexpected battlefield death in 705 BCE and the accession of Sennacherib create the imperial succession crisis in which Merodach-baladan and western vassals renew resistance. The project adopts this shock as the most natural external trigger for the rebellion cycle that culminates in Sennacherib’s 701 BCE invasion of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; Isaiah 36–39; 2 Chronicles 32 (the death of Sargon itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-sargon-death-705", "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "bm-sennacherib-prism" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "701 BCE, independently fixed within Sennacherib’s third campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37; 2 Chronicles 32", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria", "isac-taharqa-701" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 697–642 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "fall-nineveh-assyria", "title": "Nineveh Falls and the Assyrian Empire Collapses", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "612–609 BCE", "year": -612, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "612–609 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction of Nineveh in 612 BCE and Assyria’s final retreat toward Harran create the power vacuum that draws Egypt north, setting up Necho II’s passage through Judah, Josiah’s death at Megiddo, and Babylon’s eventual supremacy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:29–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–24; Nahum (literary/theological horizon)", "sourceIds": [ "bm-fall-nineveh-chronicle" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria", "met-necho-ii-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "judah-final-kings-transition", "title": "Judah’s Final Kings: Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609–597 BCE", "year": -603, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "609–597 BCE, bounded by Josiah’s death and the Babylonian Chronicle’s independently anchored capture of Jerusalem under Jehoiachin.", "lesson": "After Josiah’s death, Judah passes through rapid royal succession and foreign domination: Jehoahaz is removed by Egypt, Jehoiakim rules under Egyptian and then Babylonian pressure, Jehoiachin is deported in 597 BCE, and Zedekiah is installed by Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:31–24:17; 2 Chronicles 36:1–10; Jeremiah 22; 24–29.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "605 BCE, securely located in Nebuchadnezzar’s accession-year campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "597 BCE, independently synchronized by Babylonian chronicle evidence for Jerusalem’s capture and Jehoiachin’s exile.", "lesson": "The Babylonian Chronicle directly anchors Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of Jerusalem in 597 BCE, the removal of Jehoiachin, and installation of a replacement king, creating the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 589–588 BCE", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "587/586 BCE depending accession-year/calendar convention; the project plots 586 BCE but does not treat 587 as eliminated.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "586/585 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "561/560 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "belshazzar-fall-babylon", "title": "Belshazzar, Nabonidus, and the Fall of Babylon", "era": "Exile and Persian Transition", "displayDate": "539 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "539 BCE", "lesson": "Daniel’s Belshazzar setting is placed against the final Neo-Babylonian regime immediately before Cyrus captures Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 5", "sourceIds": [ "bm-nabonidus-belshazzar-cylinder", "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "539 BCE for Cyrus’s conquest of Babylon; 538 BCE for the return authorization as narrated in Ezra.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 500–400 BCE", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "332 BCE for Alexander’s conquest of the southern Levant.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander-death-diadochi", "title": "Alexander Dies; the Diadochi Wars Begin", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "323–301 BCE", "year": -312, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "323–301 BCE", "lesson": "Alexander’s death without a stable adult successor fractures his empire. The wars of the Successors create the Ptolemaic and Seleucid power systems that subsequently compete for Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Hellenistic setting reflected in Daniel and to the later political world of the Maccabees.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 280–150 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "301–198 BCE", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "battle-panium-seleucid", "title": "Panium and the Seleucid Takeover of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "200–198 BCE", "year": -200, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "200–198 BCE", "lesson": "Antiochus III’s victory over Ptolemaic forces in the Fifth Syrian War transfers Coele-Syria and Judea into the Seleucid sphere, creating the political framework in which the later Antiochus IV crisis occurs.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Daniel 11 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-panion-200", "cambridge-judea-198", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "magnesia-apamea-seleucid", "title": "Magnesia and the Treaty of Apamea Weaken the Seleucid Empire", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "190–188 BCE", "year": -188, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "190–188 BCE", "lesson": "Rome defeats Antiochus III and imposes the Peace of Apamea, sharply reducing Seleucid power and imposing heavy obligations; this forms part of the fiscal and geopolitical background to later Seleucid extraction and Judean temple politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to 2 Maccabees 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-hellenistic-apamea", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "eleusis-antiochus-roman-ultimatum", "title": "Rome Forces Antiochus IV Out of Egypt at Eleusis", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "168 BCE", "year": -168, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "168 BCE", "lesson": "A Roman ultimatum halts Antiochus IV’s Egyptian campaign in 168 BCE. His Egyptian wars and abrupt withdrawal form the immediate international backdrop to the Jerusalem crisis that erupts into the Maccabean revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Context for Daniel 11:29–30 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "167–164 BCE", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "seleucid-dynastic-wars", "title": "Seleucid Dynastic Wars Open the Hasmonean Path", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 152–142 BCE", "year": -147, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 152–142 BCE", "lesson": "Rival Seleucid kings repeatedly court Jonathan and Simon for military support, converting Maccabean survival into offices, territorial concessions, tax relief, and finally effective independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Maccabees 10–13 records the diplomacy of Jonathan and Simon with competing Seleucid claimants.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-hasmoneans", "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "142–63 BCE", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "63 BCE", "lesson": "Pompey’s eastern victories turn Syria into a Roman province and make Rome the decisive arbiter of the Hasmonean civil war; his entry into Jerusalem ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires", "cambridge-pompey-syria" ] }, { "eventId": "caesar-antipater-alexandria", "title": "Caesar’s Alexandrian War Elevates Antipater", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "48–47 BCE", "year": -47, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "48–47 BCE", "lesson": "Antipater’s military assistance to Julius Caesar during the Alexandrian crisis wins him Roman citizenship and authority in Judea. He then places Phasael and Herod in regional government, providing a direct causal bridge from Roman civil war to the rise of the Herodian dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Herodian political order presupposed by Matthew and Luke.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-antipater", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "parthian-invasion-herod", "title": "Parthian Invasion Drives Herod to Rome", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "40 BCE", "year": -40, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "40 BCE", "lesson": "A Parthian invasion installs Antigonus II Mattathias and drives Herod from Judea. Herod’s flight to Rome leads to his recognition by the Roman Senate as king, directly creating the Herodian regime that dominates the Gospel political background.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herodian-context", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "actium-herod-octavian", "title": "Actium Secures Herod under Octavian", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "31–30 BCE", "year": -30, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "31–30 BCE", "lesson": "Herod survives the defeat of his patron Antony, successfully transfers allegiance to Octavian, and is reconfirmed and territorially strengthened. The Augustan–Herodian regime that frames the infancy narratives therefore depends in part on the outcome of Actium.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to Matthew 2 and Luke 1–2.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-actium", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "20/19 BCE onward; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "27 BCE–14 CE", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "Tiberius ruled 14–37 CE and Pilate governed Judea c. 26–36 CE; the project’s 14–36 label is contextual rather than a single shared tenure.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 27–29 CE, derived chiefly from Luke’s fifteenth-year-of-Tiberius synchronism with Roman chronology.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 28–29 CE as a textual synchronism tied to the Tiberian framework; not an independently dated event.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 29–30 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 33–35 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "44 CE, independently anchored by Josephus and Roman-era chronology.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "claudian-judean-famine", "title": "The Claudian Judean Famine and the Antioch Relief Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 45–48 CE", "year": 46, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 45–48 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts’ famine-relief mission belongs in a period when Josephus independently reports a severe famine at Jerusalem and describes Queen Helena of Adiabene importing grain for the poor. The overlap supplies a strong external context for Acts 11 without requiring both authors to describe the same relief operation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:27–30; 12:25", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "48/49 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 49–52 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "claudius-jews-rome", "title": "Claudius Orders Jews to Leave Rome", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 49 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Acts introduces Aquila and Priscilla as recent arrivals from Italy because Claudius had ordered Jews to leave Rome; Suetonius independently reports a Claudian expulsion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–3", "sourceIds": [ "slingerland-claudian-expulsion", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 51–52 CE, synchronized to Gallio’s proconsulship established by the Delphi inscription.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 53–57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "62 CE is the standard placement from Josephus’s account and the high-priestly succession chronology.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "64–68 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "66–73/74 CE", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "four-emperors-jewish-war", "title": "Nero Falls; Vespasian Becomes Emperor", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "68–69 CE", "year": 69, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "68–69 CE", "lesson": "Nero’s fall and the Roman civil wars interrupt the Judaean campaign. Vespasian shifts from field commander to imperial contender and emperor; Titus inherits the siege command, directly linking Rome’s succession crisis to the form the war takes in 70 CE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Post-New-Testament context for the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Second Temple order.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-flavian-judaea", "josephus-war6" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "70 CE, independently fixed within the First Jewish Revolt chronology.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "73/74 CE; the exact modern-year conversion varies with chronological reckoning.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "132–135 CE", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] }, { "id": "conventional", "name": "Conventional scholarly chronology", "short": "Consensus comparison", "description": "Does not identify Terru or Amraphel with biblical figures, leaves Joseph and the Exodus pharaoh unidentified, normally dates Herod's death to 4 BCE, and places Jesus' birth around 6–4 BCE.", "position": "Reference comparison", "positionDetail": "The main conventional comparison remains visible beside the Historical Minimum and the project’s adopted reconstruction.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal setting", "value": "Not securely datable" }, { "label": "Joseph", "value": "No consensus Egyptian dynasty" }, { "label": "Exodus", "value": "Date disputed" }, { "label": "Jesus' birth", "value": "c. 6–4 BCE" }, { "label": "Herod's death", "value": "4 BCE" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 or 33 CE" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1595 BCE", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1457 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1323 BCE", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1259 BCE", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean after mounting warfare, migration, state failure, and economic disruption. The project treats Aegean–Anatolian upheaval—including the Trojan-war horizon—and the Sea Peoples crisis as interacting accelerants within this multicausal breakdown, which weakens the old order in Canaan as Israel, Philistines, and other Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. The project situates these movements downstream of wider Aegean–Anatolian disruption, potentially including the Trojan-war horizon, while retaining that specific causal link as inferential. “Sea Peoples” remains a modern umbrella term, not one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance", "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1175–1100 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine ethnogenesis on the southern coastal plain provides the clearest biblical downstream connection to the Sea Peoples-era population movements that followed the Aegean–Anatolian crisis. Philistine cities then become a major political and military force in Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-philistines", "feldman-philistine-dna-2019", "killebrew-lehmann-sea-peoples-2013", "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "cambridge-early-iron-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "post-collapse-power-vacuum", "title": "Post-Collapse Great-Power Vacuum", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "lesson": "After the Late Bronze Age collapse, Egyptian imperial control in Canaan contracts while Assyria enters a long period of weakness. Aramaean and other local powers expand into the resulting vacuum, creating an unusually open geopolitical window for Philistia, Israel, Judah, Phoenician states, and neighboring Iron Age polities to consolidate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges through the early monarchy; the setting helps explain how local Levantine polities could emerge without continuous Egyptian, Hittite, or Assyrian domination.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-early-iron-levant", "oxford-assyria-nadir" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Broad 10th-century BCE Davidic horizon; c. 1010–970 BCE is a conventional reconstructed reign range, not an externally fixed forty-year span.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 925 BCE", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 880 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "hazael-aram-damascus", "title": "Hazael Rises in Damascus and Aram Pressures Israel and Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 843–841 BCE", "year": -842, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 843–841 BCE for Hazael’s rise and the opening of the conflict horizon; Hazael is independently attested, while the exact accession year is reconstructed.", "lesson": "Hazael’s accession marks the emergence of an aggressive Aram-Damascus power that dominates the political setting of Jehu’s revolution and the following generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 8:7–15; 8:28–29; 9–10; 12:17–18; 13:3, 22–25.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Approximately 841 BCE, tied to Shalmaneser III’s eighteenth year and the Black Obelisk tribute record.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840 BCE", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840–800 BCE", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "menahem-tribute-assyria", "title": "Menahem of Israel Pays Tribute to Tiglath-pileser III", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 738 BCE", "year": -738, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 738 BCE within Tiglath-pileser III’s western campaigns; the synchronism between Menahem of Samaria and Assyrian tribute records is externally anchored.", "lesson": "Israel’s king Menahem enters the Assyrian tribute system as Tiglath-pileser III expands westward, providing a direct bridge between the biblical regnal narrative and Neo-Assyrian imperial records.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:17–20.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "745 BCE: Tiglath-pileser III Reboots Assyrian Expansion", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -745, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "745–727 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III’s accession in 745 BCE reverses decades of Assyrian weakness and launches the expansionist system that drives Menahem’s tribute, the Syro-Ephraimite crisis, the destruction of Damascus, the truncation of Israel, and ultimately Samaria’s fall.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-tiglath-pileser-iii", "oracc-israel-tiglath-pileser", "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "734–732 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "732 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, and the Fall of Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "725–722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "722/721 BCE; the fall is tightly anchored, while attribution between Shalmaneser V and Sargon II remains debated.", "lesson": "Assyria besieges and captures Samaria, ending the northern kingdom as an independent state and deporting part of its population.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6; 18:9–12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "yau-bidi-western-revolt", "title": "Yau-bi’di’s Western Revolt after Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "720 BCE", "year": -720, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "720 BCE", "lesson": "Within roughly two years of Samaria’s fall, Sargon II suppresses a broad western rebellion led from Hamath in which his inscriptions include Samaria/Israel among the participating territories. This shows that Assyrian consolidation of the former northern kingdom was a contested process rather than a single clean endpoint in 722/721 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6, 24; 18:9–12 (post-fall context; the revolt itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-yau-bidi-rinap" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 701 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "kushite-egypt-anti-assyrian-context", "title": "Kushite Egypt Becomes the Southern Counterweight to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 720–701 BCE", "year": -710, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 720–701 BCE", "lesson": "The consolidation of Kushite rule in Egypt creates the only southern great-power counterweight capable of encouraging Levantine resistance to Assyria, supplying the geopolitical background to Isaiah’s repeated warnings against reliance on Egypt and Cush and to the appearance of Tirhakah in the 701 BCE crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 18; 20; 30–31; 2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "isac-taharqa-701", "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "ashdod-revolt-sargon", "title": "Sargon II Crushes the Ashdod Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "711 BCE", "year": -711, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "711 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II suppresses Ashdod’s revolt and turns the city into an Assyrian province, creating the immediate international crisis behind Isaiah 20’s dated sign-act.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 20:1–6", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "sargon-ii-death-hezekiah-revolt", "title": "Sargon II Dies in Battle: The Opening for Hezekiah’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "705 BCE", "year": -705, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "705 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II’s unexpected battlefield death in 705 BCE and the accession of Sennacherib create the imperial succession crisis in which Merodach-baladan and western vassals renew resistance. The project adopts this shock as the most natural external trigger for the rebellion cycle that culminates in Sennacherib’s 701 BCE invasion of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; Isaiah 36–39; 2 Chronicles 32 (the death of Sargon itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-sargon-death-705", "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "bm-sennacherib-prism" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "701 BCE, independently fixed within Sennacherib’s third campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37; 2 Chronicles 32", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria", "isac-taharqa-701" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 697–642 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "fall-nineveh-assyria", "title": "Nineveh Falls and the Assyrian Empire Collapses", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "612–609 BCE", "year": -612, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "612–609 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction of Nineveh in 612 BCE and Assyria’s final retreat toward Harran create the power vacuum that draws Egypt north, setting up Necho II’s passage through Judah, Josiah’s death at Megiddo, and Babylon’s eventual supremacy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:29–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–24; Nahum (literary/theological horizon)", "sourceIds": [ "bm-fall-nineveh-chronicle" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria", "met-necho-ii-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "judah-final-kings-transition", "title": "Judah’s Final Kings: Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609–597 BCE", "year": -603, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "609–597 BCE, bounded by Josiah’s death and the Babylonian Chronicle’s independently anchored capture of Jerusalem under Jehoiachin.", "lesson": "After Josiah’s death, Judah passes through rapid royal succession and foreign domination: Jehoahaz is removed by Egypt, Jehoiakim rules under Egyptian and then Babylonian pressure, Jehoiachin is deported in 597 BCE, and Zedekiah is installed by Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:31–24:17; 2 Chronicles 36:1–10; Jeremiah 22; 24–29.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "605 BCE, securely located in Nebuchadnezzar’s accession-year campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "597 BCE, independently synchronized by Babylonian chronicle evidence for Jerusalem’s capture and Jehoiachin’s exile.", "lesson": "The Babylonian Chronicle directly anchors Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of Jerusalem in 597 BCE, the removal of Jehoiachin, and installation of a replacement king, creating the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 589–588 BCE", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "587/586 BCE depending accession-year/calendar convention; the project plots 586 BCE but does not treat 587 as eliminated.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "586/585 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "561/560 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "belshazzar-fall-babylon", "title": "Belshazzar, Nabonidus, and the Fall of Babylon", "era": "Exile and Persian Transition", "displayDate": "539 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "539 BCE", "lesson": "Daniel’s Belshazzar setting is placed against the final Neo-Babylonian regime immediately before Cyrus captures Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 5", "sourceIds": [ "bm-nabonidus-belshazzar-cylinder", "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "539 BCE for Cyrus’s conquest of Babylon; 538 BCE for the return authorization as narrated in Ezra.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 500–400 BCE", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "332 BCE for Alexander’s conquest of the southern Levant.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander-death-diadochi", "title": "Alexander Dies; the Diadochi Wars Begin", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "323–301 BCE", "year": -312, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "323–301 BCE", "lesson": "Alexander’s death without a stable adult successor fractures his empire. The wars of the Successors create the Ptolemaic and Seleucid power systems that subsequently compete for Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Hellenistic setting reflected in Daniel and to the later political world of the Maccabees.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 280–150 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "301–198 BCE", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "battle-panium-seleucid", "title": "Panium and the Seleucid Takeover of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "200–198 BCE", "year": -200, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "200–198 BCE", "lesson": "Antiochus III’s victory over Ptolemaic forces in the Fifth Syrian War transfers Coele-Syria and Judea into the Seleucid sphere, creating the political framework in which the later Antiochus IV crisis occurs.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Daniel 11 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-panion-200", "cambridge-judea-198", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "magnesia-apamea-seleucid", "title": "Magnesia and the Treaty of Apamea Weaken the Seleucid Empire", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "190–188 BCE", "year": -188, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "190–188 BCE", "lesson": "Rome defeats Antiochus III and imposes the Peace of Apamea, sharply reducing Seleucid power and imposing heavy obligations; this forms part of the fiscal and geopolitical background to later Seleucid extraction and Judean temple politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to 2 Maccabees 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-hellenistic-apamea", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "eleusis-antiochus-roman-ultimatum", "title": "Rome Forces Antiochus IV Out of Egypt at Eleusis", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "168 BCE", "year": -168, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "168 BCE", "lesson": "A Roman ultimatum halts Antiochus IV’s Egyptian campaign in 168 BCE. His Egyptian wars and abrupt withdrawal form the immediate international backdrop to the Jerusalem crisis that erupts into the Maccabean revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Context for Daniel 11:29–30 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "167–164 BCE", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "seleucid-dynastic-wars", "title": "Seleucid Dynastic Wars Open the Hasmonean Path", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 152–142 BCE", "year": -147, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 152–142 BCE", "lesson": "Rival Seleucid kings repeatedly court Jonathan and Simon for military support, converting Maccabean survival into offices, territorial concessions, tax relief, and finally effective independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Maccabees 10–13 records the diplomacy of Jonathan and Simon with competing Seleucid claimants.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-hasmoneans", "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "142–63 BCE", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "63 BCE", "lesson": "Pompey’s eastern victories turn Syria into a Roman province and make Rome the decisive arbiter of the Hasmonean civil war; his entry into Jerusalem ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires", "cambridge-pompey-syria" ] }, { "eventId": "caesar-antipater-alexandria", "title": "Caesar’s Alexandrian War Elevates Antipater", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "48–47 BCE", "year": -47, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "48–47 BCE", "lesson": "Antipater’s military assistance to Julius Caesar during the Alexandrian crisis wins him Roman citizenship and authority in Judea. He then places Phasael and Herod in regional government, providing a direct causal bridge from Roman civil war to the rise of the Herodian dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Herodian political order presupposed by Matthew and Luke.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-antipater", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "parthian-invasion-herod", "title": "Parthian Invasion Drives Herod to Rome", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "40 BCE", "year": -40, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "40 BCE", "lesson": "A Parthian invasion installs Antigonus II Mattathias and drives Herod from Judea. Herod’s flight to Rome leads to his recognition by the Roman Senate as king, directly creating the Herodian regime that dominates the Gospel political background.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herodian-context", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "actium-herod-octavian", "title": "Actium Secures Herod under Octavian", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "31–30 BCE", "year": -30, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "31–30 BCE", "lesson": "Herod survives the defeat of his patron Antony, successfully transfers allegiance to Octavian, and is reconfirmed and territorially strengthened. The Augustan–Herodian regime that frames the infancy narratives therefore depends in part on the outcome of Actium.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to Matthew 2 and Luke 1–2.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-actium", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "20/19 BCE onward; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "27 BCE–14 CE", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "Tiberius ruled 14–37 CE and Pilate governed Judea c. 26–36 CE; the project’s 14–36 label is contextual rather than a single shared tenure.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 27–29 CE, derived chiefly from Luke’s fifteenth-year-of-Tiberius synchronism with Roman chronology.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 28–29 CE as a textual synchronism tied to the Tiberian framework; not an independently dated event.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 29–30 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 33–35 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "44 CE, independently anchored by Josephus and Roman-era chronology.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "claudian-judean-famine", "title": "The Claudian Judean Famine and the Antioch Relief Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 45–48 CE", "year": 46, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 45–48 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts’ famine-relief mission belongs in a period when Josephus independently reports a severe famine at Jerusalem and describes Queen Helena of Adiabene importing grain for the poor. The overlap supplies a strong external context for Acts 11 without requiring both authors to describe the same relief operation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:27–30; 12:25", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "48/49 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 49–52 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "claudius-jews-rome", "title": "Claudius Orders Jews to Leave Rome", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 49 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Acts introduces Aquila and Priscilla as recent arrivals from Italy because Claudius had ordered Jews to leave Rome; Suetonius independently reports a Claudian expulsion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–3", "sourceIds": [ "slingerland-claudian-expulsion", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 51–52 CE, synchronized to Gallio’s proconsulship established by the Delphi inscription.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 53–57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "62 CE is the standard placement from Josephus’s account and the high-priestly succession chronology.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "64–68 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "66–73/74 CE", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "four-emperors-jewish-war", "title": "Nero Falls; Vespasian Becomes Emperor", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "68–69 CE", "year": 69, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "68–69 CE", "lesson": "Nero’s fall and the Roman civil wars interrupt the Judaean campaign. Vespasian shifts from field commander to imperial contender and emperor; Titus inherits the siege command, directly linking Rome’s succession crisis to the form the war takes in 70 CE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Post-New-Testament context for the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Second Temple order.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-flavian-judaea", "josephus-war6" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "70 CE, independently fixed within the First Jewish Revolt chronology.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "73/74 CE; the exact modern-year conversion varies with chronological reckoning.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "132–135 CE", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] }, { "id": "early-exodus", "name": "Early Exodus comparison model", "short": "c. 1446 BCE — not adopted", "description": "A comparison model that reads the 480 years of 1 Kings 6:1 as substantially chronological and places the Exodus around 1446 BCE. This project does not accept the model; V3 preserves it so its claims can later be evaluated and refuted point by point.", "position": "Rejected comparison model", "positionDetail": "Retained for transparent comparison only. The project does not accept the early Exodus date. A dedicated dossier cataloguing its major textual, historical, chronological, and archaeological errors is planned.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal setting", "value": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE" }, { "label": "Joseph", "value": "c. 19th–18th century BCE" }, { "label": "Exodus", "value": "c. 1446 BCE" }, { "label": "Entry into Canaan", "value": "c. 1406 BCE" }, { "label": "Jesus' birth", "value": "c. 6–4 BCE or separate theory" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 or 33 CE" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1595 BCE", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1457 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1323 BCE", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 1259 BCE", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean after mounting warfare, migration, state failure, and economic disruption. The project treats Aegean–Anatolian upheaval—including the Trojan-war horizon—and the Sea Peoples crisis as interacting accelerants within this multicausal breakdown, which weakens the old order in Canaan as Israel, Philistines, and other Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. The project situates these movements downstream of wider Aegean–Anatolian disruption, potentially including the Trojan-war horizon, while retaining that specific causal link as inferential. “Sea Peoples” remains a modern umbrella term, not one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance", "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1175–1100 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine ethnogenesis on the southern coastal plain provides the clearest biblical downstream connection to the Sea Peoples-era population movements that followed the Aegean–Anatolian crisis. Philistine cities then become a major political and military force in Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel", "cambridge-philistines", "feldman-philistine-dna-2019", "killebrew-lehmann-sea-peoples-2013", "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "cambridge-early-iron-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "post-collapse-power-vacuum", "title": "Post-Collapse Great-Power Vacuum", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1150–950 BCE", "lesson": "After the Late Bronze Age collapse, Egyptian imperial control in Canaan contracts while Assyria enters a long period of weakness. Aramaean and other local powers expand into the resulting vacuum, creating an unusually open geopolitical window for Philistia, Israel, Judah, Phoenician states, and neighboring Iron Age polities to consolidate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges through the early monarchy; the setting helps explain how local Levantine polities could emerge without continuous Egyptian, Hittite, or Assyrian domination.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-early-iron-levant", "oxford-assyria-nadir" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Broad 10th-century BCE Davidic horizon; c. 1010–970 BCE is a conventional reconstructed reign range, not an externally fixed forty-year span.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 925 BCE", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 880 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "hazael-aram-damascus", "title": "Hazael Rises in Damascus and Aram Pressures Israel and Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 843–841 BCE", "year": -842, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 843–841 BCE for Hazael’s rise and the opening of the conflict horizon; Hazael is independently attested, while the exact accession year is reconstructed.", "lesson": "Hazael’s accession marks the emergence of an aggressive Aram-Damascus power that dominates the political setting of Jehu’s revolution and the following generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 8:7–15; 8:28–29; 9–10; 12:17–18; 13:3, 22–25.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Approximately 841 BCE, tied to Shalmaneser III’s eighteenth year and the Black Obelisk tribute record.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840 BCE", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 840–800 BCE", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "menahem-tribute-assyria", "title": "Menahem of Israel Pays Tribute to Tiglath-pileser III", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 738 BCE", "year": -738, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "c. 738 BCE within Tiglath-pileser III’s western campaigns; the synchronism between Menahem of Samaria and Assyrian tribute records is externally anchored.", "lesson": "Israel’s king Menahem enters the Assyrian tribute system as Tiglath-pileser III expands westward, providing a direct bridge between the biblical regnal narrative and Neo-Assyrian imperial records.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:17–20.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "745 BCE: Tiglath-pileser III Reboots Assyrian Expansion", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -745, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "745–727 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III’s accession in 745 BCE reverses decades of Assyrian weakness and launches the expansionist system that drives Menahem’s tribute, the Syro-Ephraimite crisis, the destruction of Damascus, the truncation of Israel, and ultimately Samaria’s fall.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-tiglath-pileser-iii", "oracc-israel-tiglath-pileser", "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "734–732 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "732 BCE", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, and the Fall of Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "725–722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "722/721 BCE; the fall is tightly anchored, while attribution between Shalmaneser V and Sargon II remains debated.", "lesson": "Assyria besieges and captures Samaria, ending the northern kingdom as an independent state and deporting part of its population.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6; 18:9–12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "yau-bidi-western-revolt", "title": "Yau-bi’di’s Western Revolt after Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "720 BCE", "year": -720, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "720 BCE", "lesson": "Within roughly two years of Samaria’s fall, Sargon II suppresses a broad western rebellion led from Hamath in which his inscriptions include Samaria/Israel among the participating territories. This shows that Assyrian consolidation of the former northern kingdom was a contested process rather than a single clean endpoint in 722/721 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17:1–6, 24; 18:9–12 (post-fall context; the revolt itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-yau-bidi-rinap" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 701 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "kushite-egypt-anti-assyrian-context", "title": "Kushite Egypt Becomes the Southern Counterweight to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 720–701 BCE", "year": -710, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 720–701 BCE", "lesson": "The consolidation of Kushite rule in Egypt creates the only southern great-power counterweight capable of encouraging Levantine resistance to Assyria, supplying the geopolitical background to Isaiah’s repeated warnings against reliance on Egypt and Cush and to the appearance of Tirhakah in the 701 BCE crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 18; 20; 30–31; 2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "isac-taharqa-701", "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "ashdod-revolt-sargon", "title": "Sargon II Crushes the Ashdod Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "711 BCE", "year": -711, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "711 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II suppresses Ashdod’s revolt and turns the city into an Assyrian province, creating the immediate international crisis behind Isaiah 20’s dated sign-act.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Isaiah 20:1–6", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-ashdod-sargon-711" ] }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "sargon-ii-death-hezekiah-revolt", "title": "Sargon II Dies in Battle: The Opening for Hezekiah’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "705 BCE", "year": -705, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "705 BCE", "lesson": "Sargon II’s unexpected battlefield death in 705 BCE and the accession of Sennacherib create the imperial succession crisis in which Merodach-baladan and western vassals renew resistance. The project adopts this shock as the most natural external trigger for the rebellion cycle that culminates in Sennacherib’s 701 BCE invasion of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; Isaiah 36–39; 2 Chronicles 32 (the death of Sargon itself is not narrated)", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-sargon-ii", "oracc-sargon-death-705", "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "bm-sennacherib-prism" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "701 BCE, independently fixed within Sennacherib’s third campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37; 2 Chronicles 32", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria", "isac-taharqa-701" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 697–642 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "fall-nineveh-assyria", "title": "Nineveh Falls and the Assyrian Empire Collapses", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "612–609 BCE", "year": -612, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "612–609 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction of Nineveh in 612 BCE and Assyria’s final retreat toward Harran create the power vacuum that draws Egypt north, setting up Necho II’s passage through Judah, Josiah’s death at Megiddo, and Babylon’s eventual supremacy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:29–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–24; Nahum (literary/theological horizon)", "sourceIds": [ "bm-fall-nineveh-chronicle" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria", "met-necho-ii-levant" ] }, { "eventId": "judah-final-kings-transition", "title": "Judah’s Final Kings: Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609–597 BCE", "year": -603, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "609–597 BCE, bounded by Josiah’s death and the Babylonian Chronicle’s independently anchored capture of Jerusalem under Jehoiachin.", "lesson": "After Josiah’s death, Judah passes through rapid royal succession and foreign domination: Jehoahaz is removed by Egypt, Jehoiakim rules under Egyptian and then Babylonian pressure, Jehoiachin is deported in 597 BCE, and Zedekiah is installed by Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:31–24:17; 2 Chronicles 36:1–10; Jeremiah 22; 24–29.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "605 BCE, securely located in Nebuchadnezzar’s accession-year campaign chronology.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "597 BCE, independently synchronized by Babylonian chronicle evidence for Jerusalem’s capture and Jehoiachin’s exile.", "lesson": "The Babylonian Chronicle directly anchors Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of Jerusalem in 597 BCE, the removal of Jehoiachin, and installation of a replacement king, creating the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 589–588 BCE", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "587/586 BCE depending accession-year/calendar convention; the project plots 586 BCE but does not treat 587 as eliminated.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "586/585 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "561/560 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "belshazzar-fall-babylon", "title": "Belshazzar, Nabonidus, and the Fall of Babylon", "era": "Exile and Persian Transition", "displayDate": "539 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "539 BCE", "lesson": "Daniel’s Belshazzar setting is placed against the final Neo-Babylonian regime immediately before Cyrus captures Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 5", "sourceIds": [ "bm-nabonidus-belshazzar-cylinder", "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "539 BCE for Cyrus’s conquest of Babylon; 538 BCE for the return authorization as narrated in Ezra.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 500–400 BCE", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "332 BCE for Alexander’s conquest of the southern Levant.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander-death-diadochi", "title": "Alexander Dies; the Diadochi Wars Begin", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "323–301 BCE", "year": -312, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "323–301 BCE", "lesson": "Alexander’s death without a stable adult successor fractures his empire. The wars of the Successors create the Ptolemaic and Seleucid power systems that subsequently compete for Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Hellenistic setting reflected in Daniel and to the later political world of the Maccabees.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 280–150 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "301–198 BCE", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "battle-panium-seleucid", "title": "Panium and the Seleucid Takeover of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "200–198 BCE", "year": -200, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "200–198 BCE", "lesson": "Antiochus III’s victory over Ptolemaic forces in the Fifth Syrian War transfers Coele-Syria and Judea into the Seleucid sphere, creating the political framework in which the later Antiochus IV crisis occurs.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Daniel 11 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-panion-200", "cambridge-judea-198", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "magnesia-apamea-seleucid", "title": "Magnesia and the Treaty of Apamea Weaken the Seleucid Empire", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "190–188 BCE", "year": -188, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "190–188 BCE", "lesson": "Rome defeats Antiochus III and imposes the Peace of Apamea, sharply reducing Seleucid power and imposing heavy obligations; this forms part of the fiscal and geopolitical background to later Seleucid extraction and Judean temple politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to 2 Maccabees 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-hellenistic-apamea", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "eleusis-antiochus-roman-ultimatum", "title": "Rome Forces Antiochus IV Out of Egypt at Eleusis", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "168 BCE", "year": -168, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "168 BCE", "lesson": "A Roman ultimatum halts Antiochus IV’s Egyptian campaign in 168 BCE. His Egyptian wars and abrupt withdrawal form the immediate international backdrop to the Jerusalem crisis that erupts into the Maccabean revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Context for Daniel 11:29–30 and 1–2 Maccabees", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "167–164 BCE", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "seleucid-dynastic-wars", "title": "Seleucid Dynastic Wars Open the Hasmonean Path", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 152–142 BCE", "year": -147, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 152–142 BCE", "lesson": "Rival Seleucid kings repeatedly court Jonathan and Simon for military support, converting Maccabean survival into offices, territorial concessions, tax relief, and finally effective independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Maccabees 10–13 records the diplomacy of Jonathan and Simon with competing Seleucid claimants.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-hasmoneans", "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "142–63 BCE", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "63 BCE", "lesson": "Pompey’s eastern victories turn Syria into a Roman province and make Rome the decisive arbiter of the Hasmonean civil war; his entry into Jerusalem ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires", "cambridge-pompey-syria" ] }, { "eventId": "caesar-antipater-alexandria", "title": "Caesar’s Alexandrian War Elevates Antipater", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "48–47 BCE", "year": -47, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "48–47 BCE", "lesson": "Antipater’s military assistance to Julius Caesar during the Alexandrian crisis wins him Roman citizenship and authority in Judea. He then places Phasael and Herod in regional government, providing a direct causal bridge from Roman civil war to the rise of the Herodian dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the Herodian political order presupposed by Matthew and Luke.", "sourceIds": [ "oxford-antipater", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "parthian-invasion-herod", "title": "Parthian Invasion Drives Herod to Rome", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "40 BCE", "year": -40, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "40 BCE", "lesson": "A Parthian invasion installs Antigonus II Mattathias and drives Herod from Judea. Herod’s flight to Rome leads to his recognition by the Roman Senate as king, directly creating the Herodian regime that dominates the Gospel political background.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herodian-context", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "actium-herod-octavian", "title": "Actium Secures Herod under Octavian", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "31–30 BCE", "year": -30, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "31–30 BCE", "lesson": "Herod survives the defeat of his patron Antony, successfully transfers allegiance to Octavian, and is reconfirmed and territorially strengthened. The Augustan–Herodian regime that frames the infancy narratives therefore depends in part on the outcome of Actium.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to Matthew 2 and Luke 1–2.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-actium", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "20/19 BCE onward; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "27 BCE–14 CE", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "Tiberius ruled 14–37 CE and Pilate governed Judea c. 26–36 CE; the project’s 14–36 label is contextual rather than a single shared tenure.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 27–29 CE, derived chiefly from Luke’s fifteenth-year-of-Tiberius synchronism with Roman chronology.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 28–29 CE as a textual synchronism tied to the Tiberian framework; not an independently dated event.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 29–30 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 33–35 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "44 CE, independently anchored by Josephus and Roman-era chronology.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "claudian-judean-famine", "title": "The Claudian Judean Famine and the Antioch Relief Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 45–48 CE", "year": 46, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 45–48 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts’ famine-relief mission belongs in a period when Josephus independently reports a severe famine at Jerusalem and describes Queen Helena of Adiabene importing grain for the poor. The overlap supplies a strong external context for Acts 11 without requiring both authors to describe the same relief operation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:27–30; 12:25", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "48/49 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 49–52 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "claudius-jews-rome", "title": "Claudius Orders Jews to Leave Rome", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 49 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Acts introduces Aquila and Priscilla as recent arrivals from Italy because Claudius had ordered Jews to leave Rome; Suetonius independently reports a Claudian expulsion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–3", "sourceIds": [ "slingerland-claudian-expulsion", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 51–52 CE, synchronized to Gallio’s proconsulship established by the Delphi inscription.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 53–57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "62 CE is the standard placement from Josephus’s account and the high-priestly succession chronology.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "64–68 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "66–73/74 CE", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "four-emperors-jewish-war", "title": "Nero Falls; Vespasian Becomes Emperor", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "68–69 CE", "year": 69, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "68–69 CE", "lesson": "Nero’s fall and the Roman civil wars interrupt the Judaean campaign. Vespasian shifts from field commander to imperial contender and emperor; Titus inherits the siege command, directly linking Rome’s succession crisis to the form the war takes in 70 CE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Post-New-Testament context for the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Second Temple order.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-flavian-judaea", "josephus-war6" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "70 CE, independently fixed within the First Jewish Revolt chronology.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "73/74 CE; the exact modern-year conversion varies with chronological reckoning.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "132–135 CE", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "adopted--historical-minimum", "leftId": "adopted", "rightId": "historical-minimum", "differenceCount": 95, "visibilityChanges": 86, "dateChanges": 10, "interpretiveChanges": 7, "differences": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "eventTitle": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, "right": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] } }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "eventTitle": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "eventTitle": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "eventTitle": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "eventTitle": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israelite settlement expansion and territorial consolidation develop in Canaan around the Merneptah horizon; the stela independently names Israel by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "eventTitle": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "eventTitle": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "eventTitle": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "saul", "eventTitle": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "eventTitle": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "eventTitle": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "solomon", "eventTitle": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "eventTitle": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "eventTitle": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "eventTitle": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "eventTitle": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] } }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "eventTitle": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "eventTitle": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "eventTitle": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] } }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "eventTitle": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "eventTitle": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah", "eventTitle": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "eventTitle": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "eventTitle": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "eventTitle": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "eventTitle": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "eventTitle": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] } }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "eventTitle": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] } }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "eventTitle": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "eventTitle": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "eventTitle": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] } }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "eventTitle": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "eventTitle": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "eventTitle": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "eventTitle": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "eventTitle": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "eventTitle": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "eventTitle": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "eventTitle": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "eventTitle": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "eventTitle": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "eventTitle": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "eventTitle": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "eventTitle": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] } } ] }, { "id": "adopted--conventional", "leftId": "adopted", "rightId": "conventional", "differenceCount": 44, "visibilityChanges": 0, "dateChanges": 44, "interpretiveChanges": 11, "differences": [ { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israelite settlement expansion and territorial consolidation develop in Canaan around the Merneptah horizon; the stela independently names Israel by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } } ] }, { "id": "adopted--early-exodus", "leftId": "adopted", "rightId": "early-exodus", "differenceCount": 40, "visibilityChanges": 0, "dateChanges": 35, "interpretiveChanges": 10, "differences": [ { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israelite settlement expansion and territorial consolidation develop in Canaan around the Merneptah horizon; the stela independently names Israel by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } } ] }, { "id": "historical-minimum--conventional", "leftId": "historical-minimum", "rightId": "conventional", "differenceCount": 95, "visibilityChanges": 86, "dateChanges": 42, "interpretiveChanges": 11, "differences": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "eventTitle": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, "right": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] } }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "evidentiary status", "changedFields": [ "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "eventTitle": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "eventTitle": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "eventTitle": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "eventTitle": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "eventTitle": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "eventTitle": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "eventTitle": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "saul", "eventTitle": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "eventTitle": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "eventTitle": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "solomon", "eventTitle": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "eventTitle": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "eventTitle": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "eventTitle": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "eventTitle": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] } }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "eventTitle": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "eventTitle": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "eventTitle": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] } }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "eventTitle": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "eventTitle": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah", "eventTitle": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "eventTitle": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "eventTitle": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "eventTitle": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "eventTitle": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "eventTitle": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] } }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "eventTitle": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] } }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "eventTitle": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "eventTitle": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "eventTitle": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] } }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "eventTitle": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "eventTitle": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "eventTitle": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "eventTitle": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "eventTitle": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "eventTitle": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "eventTitle": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "eventTitle": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "eventTitle": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "eventTitle": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "eventTitle": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "eventTitle": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "eventTitle": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] } } ] }, { "id": "historical-minimum--early-exodus", "leftId": "historical-minimum", "rightId": "early-exodus", "differenceCount": 100, "visibilityChanges": 86, "dateChanges": 35, "interpretiveChanges": 13, "differences": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "eventTitle": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, "right": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "undated", "historicalRange": "Not independently datable; the timeline position is a literary/theological prehistory boundary rather than a recovered calendar date.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] } }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "eventTitle": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute date; the plotted interval inherits the adopted Joseph/Hyksos reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "eventTitle": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris is historical; treating it as the beginning of Israelite servitude is a project hypothesis.", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "eventTitle": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "balaam-balak-deir-alla", "title": "Balaam and Balak before Israel Enters Canaan", "era": "Exodus and Conquest", "displayDate": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "year": -1215, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1215 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "On the plains east of the Jordan, Balak summons Balaam son of Beor; centuries later an independent Transjordanian inscription preserves a Balaam-son-of-Beor seer tradition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Numbers 22–24; 31:8,16; Deuteronomy 23:4–5; Joshua 24:9–10", "sourceIds": [ "levine-deir-alla-balaam" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "eventTitle": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hazor-northern-campaign", "title": "Joshua’s Northern Campaign and the Destruction of Hazor", "era": "Conquest and Settlement", "displayDate": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "year": -1210, "confidence": "plausible-correspondence", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1210 BCE · project placement", "lesson": "Joshua 11 places Hazor at the center of a northern coalition and describes the city’s destruction; Hazor independently has a major terminal Late Bronze destruction horizon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 11:1–15; Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "bechar-hazor-2021" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "eventTitle": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "trojan-war-horizon", "title": "Troy, the Trojan War Horizon, and Aegean–Anatolian Upheaval", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "year": -1200, "confidence": "plausible-contextual-link", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1230–1190/80 BCE", "lesson": "The destruction horizon at Late Bronze Age Troy falls inside the same Aegean–Anatolian crisis that precedes the great Sea Peoples-era migrations. The project treats a historical conflict behind the Trojan tradition as a plausible contributor to this disruption, not as the demonstrated single cause of the Bronze Age Collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text narrates Troy. Its relevance is indirect: Aegean–Anatolian disruption feeds the wider crisis that reshapes Canaan, contributes to Philistine ethnogenesis, and helps produce the fragmented Iron I setting in which Israel expands.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-homer-hittite-troy", "cambridge-iliad-troy-horizon", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "eventTitle": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "eventTitle": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "saul", "eventTitle": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "eventTitle": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1000 BCE", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "eventTitle": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "absalom-revolt", "title": "Absalom’s Revolt Against David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 980–975 BCE", "year": -977, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Later Davidic reign; the plotted c. 980–975 BCE window is a representative project placement rather than an externally anchored date.", "lesson": "Absalom seizes political momentum, is proclaimed king, and forces David to evacuate Jerusalem before the rebellion collapses and David is restored.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 13–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-antiquities-index", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "solomon", "eventTitle": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 970–931 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "eventTitle": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 965–960 BCE", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "eventTitle": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Early 10th century BCE within the adopted kings chronology; c. 931 BCE is a model coordinate derived from regnal synchronization.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "eventTitle": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 860–853 BCE", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "eventTitle": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at Qarqar and the Israel–Damascus Truce", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented-with-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "853 BCE, fixed by the Assyrian eponym chronology for Shalmaneser III’s sixth year.", "lesson": "Ahab of Israel and Hadadezer of Damascus appear together in Shalmaneser III’s anti-Assyrian coalition at Qarqar, providing a strong external context for the otherwise unexplained three-year Israel–Aram truce preserved in 1 Kings 22:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 20:34; 22:1–4 (three years without war between Aram and Israel before the Ramoth-gilead campaign).", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "src-dc5565089681" ] } }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "eventTitle": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "eventTitle": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "athaliah-joash-restoration", "title": "Athaliah Seizes Judah; Joash Preserves the Davidic Line", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "841–835 BCE", "year": -838, "confidence": "textually-attested", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "841–835 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "After Ahaziah’s death, Athaliah seizes the throne; the child Joash is hidden in the Temple and installed six years later through Jehoiada’s coup.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 22:10–24:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "eventTitle": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "adad-nirari-savior-reconstruction", "title": "Adad-nirari III and Israel’s Unnamed “Savior”", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 805–796 BCE", "year": -801, "confidence": "plausible-identification", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 805–796 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "The project adopts Adad-nirari III as the leading historical candidate for the unnamed “savior” of 2 Kings 13:5: his campaigns broke the Aramean pressure that had reduced Israel under Jehoahaz, and the Tell al-Rimah stele later records tribute from Joash the Samarian.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 13:3–5, 22–25; 13:10–13.", "sourceIds": [ "oracc-adad-nirari-rimah", "lexham-adad-nirari" ] } }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "eventTitle": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II’s Expansion in the Assyrian–Aramean Power Vacuum", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 790–740 BCE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jeroboam II’s territorial recovery and the eighth-century prosperity of Israel are placed within a regional power vacuum created by the weakening of Aram-Damascus and a temporary lull in direct Assyrian pressure.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "eventTitle": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merodach-baladan-embassy", "title": "Merodach-baladan Sends Envoys to Hezekiah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 714–702 BCE", "year": -708, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "Late eighth century BCE during Marduk-apla-iddina II’s anti-Assyrian activity; the ruler is externally secure but the embassy’s exact year is debated.", "lesson": "The biblical court narrative places envoys from the independently attested Babylonian ruler Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach-baladan) at Hezekiah’s court during the anti-Assyrian struggles of the late eighth century BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39; 2 Chronicles 32:31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-merodach-baladan-hezekiah", "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah", "eventTitle": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "640–609 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "eventTitle": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "622/621 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "eventTitle": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "eventTitle": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "593/592 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "eventTitle": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 586–582 BCE", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "eventTitle": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "538–520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] } }, { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "eventTitle": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "haggai-zechariah-temple-restart", "title": "Haggai and Zechariah Restart the Temple Project", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "520 BCE", "year": -520, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "520 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "In Darius I’s second year, Haggai and Zechariah catalyze the renewed construction that leads to the Second Temple’s completion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5:1–2; Haggai 1–2; Zechariah 1:1", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "iranica-behistun-darius" ] } }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "eventTitle": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "516/515 BCE from the sixth year of Darius I, depending calendar convention; 516 BCE remains the plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "eventTitle": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "xerxes-third-year-banquet", "title": "Xerxes’ Third Year: The Susa Banquet and Vashti", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483 BCE", "year": -483, "confidence": "textual-synchronism", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 483 BCE from Esther’s third-year regnal notice if Ahasuerus is Xerxes I; the banquet itself is not independently attested.", "lesson": "Esther opens in Ahasuerus’s third year. Under the Xerxes I identification this falls about 483 BCE, before the king’s invasion of Greece.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "eventTitle": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "xerxes-greek-invasion", "title": "Xerxes Invades Greece: Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "480–479 BCE", "year": -480, "confidence": "externally-anchored", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "480–479 BCE, independently fixed by classical and Persian-period chronology; its placement between Esther 1 and 2 is chronological context rather than narrative corroboration.", "lesson": "The famous Greek campaign falls inside Esther’s otherwise unexplained four-year interval between Ahasuerus’s third and seventh years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Chronological context between Esther 1 and Esther 2; the campaign itself is not mentioned in Esther.", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-ahasuerus" ] } }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "eventTitle": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther Becomes Queen under Ahasuerus / Xerxes I", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 479/478 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "In Ahasuerus’s seventh regnal year, Esther is elevated within the royal court at Susa. The project follows the strong conventional identification Ahasuerus = Xerxes I while keeping Esther’s personal identification uncorroborated externally.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 2", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-ahasuerus", "yamauchi-mordecai-1992", "clines-mordecai-1991", "iranica-susa-achaemenid", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "eventTitle": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 474/473 BCE", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "iranica-esther", "iranica-purim", "iranica-courts-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "eventTitle": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "c. 458–445 BCE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "eventTitle": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "445/444 BCE from Artaxerxes I’s twentieth year, depending calendar convention.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "eventTitle": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "eventTitle": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Rome Annexes Judea: Quirinius, the Census, and Direct Rule", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "6 CE for Quirinius’s governorship/census after Judea’s annexation; the relationship of this census to Luke 2 remains unresolved.", "lesson": "After Augustus removes Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea and Samaria pass into direct Roman administration; Quirinius’s census and the resistance associated with Judas the Galilean create a major part of the political world presupposed by Acts and later first-century Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-judaea-6ce", "cambridge-herodian-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "eventTitle": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Final Passover week in either 30 or 33 CE; the project prefers the 30 CE solution.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "eventTitle": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "eventTitle": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 32–34 CE", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "eventTitle": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 38–41 CE", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "eventTitle": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "eventTitle": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "textual-synchronism", "historicalRange": "44 CE; synchronized from an explicit textual chronological statement to externally dated history.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad historical or narrative horizon only; the displayed point/range is a representative plotting coordinate rather than an independently recovered absolute date.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 57–59 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 59–60 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "historically-constrained-range", "historicalRange": "c. 60–62 CE; historically constrained, but not independently fixed to a single plotted coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "eventTitle": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 64–67 CE", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] } } ] }, { "id": "conventional--early-exodus", "leftId": "conventional", "rightId": "early-exodus", "differenceCount": 49, "visibilityChanges": 0, "dateChanges": 42, "interpretiveChanges": 16, "differences": [ { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh = Terah — Adopted Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE Urkesh context; Terah himself is not independently datable.", "lesson": "This project identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze / early second-millennium BCE horizon; no external source fixes Abraham to c. 1780–1760 BCE.", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth; c. 1322–1320 BCE is a project placement.", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign is historically controlled; Moses’s flight within that reign is not independently dated.", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Egyptian flight and before the adopted return; duration in Midian is not independently recoverable.", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1294–1279 BCE", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "external-range", "historicalRange": "1279–1213 BCE", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "1274 BCE", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent date for the plague sequence or first Passover; c. 1254 BCE depends on the adopted Ramesside synchronism.", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No independent absolute year for the Exodus; c. 1254 BCE is the adopted Ramesside project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Relative to the adopted Exodus coordinate; no independent absolute date is recoverable.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "A schematic generation between departure and settlement; the project does not treat forty years as an independently fixed stopwatch interval.", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; the exact c. 1214–1208 BCE placement is model-derived.", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted within the late thirteenth-century transition. The archaeological test is whether independently dated sites can fit the broader campaign window; site attribution, scale, tempo, and literary compression remain separate questions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Secure external boundary: Israel is attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE; the c. 1214–1208 establishment interval is a project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Merneptah year 5, conventionally c. 1208 BCE; the absolute BCE conversion follows Egyptian New Kingdom chronology.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Broad Iron I horizon; individual cycles overlap and the literary totals are not additive absolute chronology.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "The displayed duration is schematic, generational, or overlapping rather than an exact elapsed total.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Relative order is more defensible than absolute calendar placement.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-disputed-boundary", "historicalRange": "37 BCE accession is secure; the terminal boundary is 4 BCE conventionally or 1 BCE in the project’s minority model.", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "4 BCE is the conventional majority date; 1 BCE remains the project’s defended minority alternative.", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE; the endpoint depends primarily on whether the crucifixion is placed in 30 or 33 CE.", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday, April 7, 30 CE preferred by the project; Friday, April 3, 33 CE remains the co-primary alternative.", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is generated by the adopted project reconstruction.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } } ] } ] }